| ลองค้นหาคำในรูปแบบอื่น ๆ เพื่อให้ได้ผลลัพธ์มากขึ้นหรือน้อยลง: climat, -climat- |
| climate | (n) สภาพอากาศ, Syn. characteristic weather, atmospheric condition | | acclimate | (vi) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ, Syn. adapt, accommodate, become accustomed to, acclimatize | | acclimate | (vt) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ | | acclimatize | (vt) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ | | acclimatize | (vi) ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ, Syn. adapt, accommodate, become accustomed to, acclimate | | acclimatize to | (phrv) ปรับตัวเข้ากับ, See also: ทำให้ชินกับ, ปรับตัว, Syn. adapt to |
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| | acclimate | (อะไคล' เมท) vt., vi. ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ. -acclimation n., Syn. adapt | | acclimatise | (อะไคล' มะ | | climat- | Pref. "อากาศตามฤดูกาล" | | climate | (ไคล'เมท) n. อากาศตามฤดูกาล, แนวโน้มทั่วไปของสังคม, ประเพณีนิยมที่เป็นอยู่, See also: climatic adj. ดูclimate climatical adj. ดูclimate climatal adj. ดูclimate, Syn. trend -Conf. weather | | climato- | Pref. "อากาศตามฤดูกาล" | | climatology | (ไคลมะทอล'โลจี) n. กาลวิทยา, See also: climatologic adj. เกี่ยวกับกาลวิทยา climatological adj. เกี่ยวกับกาลวิทยา climatologist n. นักกาลวิทยา |
| | | palaeoclimate; paleoclimate | ภูมิอากาศบรรพกาล [ธรณีวิทยา๑๔ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๖] | | palaeoclimatology; paleoclimatology | ภูมิอากาศบรรพกาลวิทยา [ธรณีวิทยา๑๔ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๖] | | paleoclimate; palaeoclimate | ภูมิอากาศบรรพกาล [ธรณีวิทยา๑๔ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๖] | | paleoclimatology; palaeoclimatology | ภูมิอากาศบรรพกาลวิทยา [ธรณีวิทยา๑๔ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๖] | | subarid climate; semiarid climate | ภูมิอากาศกึ่งแห้งแล้ง [ธรณีวิทยา๑๔ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๖] | | semiarid climate; subarid climate | ภูมิอากาศกึ่งแห้งแล้ง [ธรณีวิทยา๑๔ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๖] | | acclimatation; acclimation; acclimatisation; acclimatization | การปรับตัวเข้ากับอากาศ, การปรับตัวเข้ากับภูมิ อากาศ, ความชินภูมิอากาศ [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | acclimation; acclimatation; acclimatisation; acclimatization | การปรับตัวเข้ากับอากาศ, การปรับตัวเข้ากับภูมิ อากาศ, ความชินภูมิอากาศ [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | acclimatisation; acclimatation; acclimation; acclimatization | การปรับตัวเข้ากับอากาศ, การปรับตัวเข้ากับภูมิ อากาศ, ความชินภูมิอากาศ [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | acclimatisation; acclimatization | การชินภูมิอากาศ [พฤกษศาสตร์ ๑๘ ก.พ. ๒๕๔๕] | | acclimatization; acclimatation; acclimation; acclimatisation | การปรับตัวเข้ากับอากาศ, การปรับตัวเข้ากับภูมิ อากาศ, ความชินภูมิอากาศ [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | acclimatization; acclimatisation | การชินภูมิอากาศ [พฤกษศาสตร์ ๑๘ ก.พ. ๒๕๔๕] | | bioclimatics; bioclimatology | ชีวภูมิอากาศวิทยา, ภูมิอากาศวิทยาชีวภาพ [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | bioclimatology; bioclimatics | ชีวภูมิอากาศวิทยา, ภูมิอากาศวิทยาชีวภาพ [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | climatology | ภูมิอากาศวิทยา [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | climatology | ภูมิอากาศวิทยา [พลังงาน ๒๖ ม.ค. ๒๕๔๕] |
| | | climate | (n) ขอแสดงความคิดเห็นนะครับ ไม่ใช่คำแปล คำนี้ไม่ได้มีความหมายคล้ายกับ weather คนไทยส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้เข้าใจความหมายอย่างชัดเจนระหว่างคำสองคำนี้ จึงอยากให้ทางลองดูช่วยให้ความหมายอย่างชัดเจนว่า climate หมายถึง ลักษณะภูมิอากาศของภูมิประเทศ ส่วน weather คือ ลักษณะอากาศขณะหนึ่ง | | climate | (n) climate = ลักษณะภูมิอากาศของพื้นที่ในระยะยาวนานหลายฤดู หรือหลายปี หรือหลายศัตวรรษ ซึ่งรวมถึงอุณหภูมิ ปริมาณฝน ลม ความชื้น ความกดดัน การแผ่รังสืของพระอาทิตย์ whether = ลักษณะอากาศในพื้นที่เป็นหลายๆชั่วโมงหรือหลายๆวัน ซึ่งรวมถึงอุณหภูมิ ปริมาณฝน ลม ความชื้น ความกดดัน การแผ่รังสืของพระอาทิตย์ | | climatic | (adj) เกี่ยวกับภูมิประเทศ, เกี่ยวกับอากาศ | | Climatic aspects in urban design—a case study | (n, vi, vt, modal, ver) Climatic aspects in urban design—a case study Isaac G. Capeluto, , A. Yezioro and E. Shaviv Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel Received 11 December 2001; revised 13 February 2002; accepted 21 February 2002.; Available online 4 April 2002. Abstract We present a case study of a design of a new business district in Tel Aviv city. In this work climatic aspects were taken into consideration in the very early design stages. For that purpose, two models SustArc (Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997, p. 148) and FLUENT 5.0.2 (Fluent's User's Guide, Fluent Inc., NH, USA, 1999) were applied in order to achieve solar and wind rights. The new business district was designed as a high-density urban area and is located near an old low-rise residential quarter. SustArc was used as a design tool to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build without violating the solar rights of existing residential neighborhood, the main avenues and the pedestrian sidewalks. FLUENT, on the other hand, was implemented as an evaluative tool, in a trial and error method, until a design solution could be achieved, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. The paper presents the process of sun and wind controlled planning, as well as the recommendations. Author Keywords: Solar rights; Wind rights; Urban design; Design tools Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Sun, winds and urban design 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district 4. Planning control for sun access 5. Planning control for wind access and protection 6. Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References 1. Introduction During the conceptual design phase of urban districts, the designer deals with different geometrical characteristics related to the building's height and width, in relation to the open spaces and the pedestrian sidewalks. New buildings may create a different microclimate, like changing the wind regime and shading of existing neighborhoods, as well as in the new district. To protect solar rights, as well as wind rights, is a complex task. Moreover, tolerable winds should be achieved along the pedestrian sidewalks. The determination of a preferable design solution becomes specially complicated due to mutual influences. On the other hand, ignoring the solar rights at the stage of the preparation of the master plan may cause discomfort conditions around the buildings beyond repair. Different design tools for solar insolation conscious design were developed. We can classify these tools into generation tools and evaluation tools. The generative design tools aid to define the proper geometry. Some examples are [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ] for determining solar rights. These tools generate nomograms that present all possible solutions to a given problem. These nomograms are called “Solar Envelopes”. The evaluation tools, on the other hand, analyze the performance of a given design. Some examples are Kroner and Abrey [ 7 ], Yezioro and Shaviv [ 8 and 9 ] and Capeluto and Shaviv [ 5 ] for evaluating solar rights for buildings and in open spaces among them. Heliodons are also used to evaluate the proposed design, namely a scaled down 3D physical model examined in the laboratory. For microclimate and wind rights conscious design, there are today only evaluative design tools. These are either wind tunnel studies, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation tools. The CFD models are very powerful, require heavy calculations, but provide detailed results that can show clearly the defects in suggested designs. As a result, new design alternatives may be thought of and re-evaluated, until a good and satisfactory design is achieved. In the design of the new business district in Tel Aviv (Fig. 1), we have used SustArc, as the design tool to evaluate the proposed design (Fig. 2). We have also used SustArc to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build while keeping the solar rights of the existing neighborhood (Fig. 5). We used FLUENT to evaluate the existing situation, the proposed solution and the mitigation design, in which the wind rights to the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds along the pedestrian sidewalks ( Fig. 8 and Fig. 9). The paper presents the design process along with the different design tools implemented to create the solutions and to simulate and evaluate the proposed design. Using these tools we could develop rules and design guidelines that ensure proper insolation and ventilation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as creating good microclimatic conditions inside the new business district. Display Full Size version of this image (63K) Fig. 1. An aerial view of the business district. Display Full Size version of this image (24K) Fig. 2. Sun-view presenting the shading of the main green avenue (the area adjacent to the tall buildings from the right) and the residential neighborhood (the long square on the right). 2. Sun, winds and urban design There are many places in which urban design take into consideration solar rights and winds protection. Let us mention a few: New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and San Francisco, in the USA, Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, London, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto, in Canada [ 10 ]. Many tall buildings were built during the past in all of the above cities. These tall buildings caused different problems, like shading, loss of daylight, and creation of strong winds around the tall buildings on one hand, and at the same time avoid good ventilation by creating wind stagnation at some parts around them. From the accumulating experience, the city leaders and designers recognized the need to control the changes in the microclimatic conditions created by a proposed design. In many cities, large projects, including tall buildings, require wind studies, as well as shading evaluation. Nevertheless, in most places, the planning control for wind protection and solar insolation are not mandatory and are not imposed by standards, but rather open to negotiations with the developers. Defining urban standards can be carried on along three different approaches [ 10 ]: Prescriptive and descriptive standards, in which the exact physical solution is given. For example, the specific maximum height of buildings in the inner city neighborhood of San Francisco is dictated along with the angle of the slope of a plan that cut the upper floors further from the street. Performance standards, in which the expected performance of the design is given. For example, Boston zoning ordinance dictates for some downtown areas, that “No net increase in shadow is permitted between 8 a.m. and 2.30 p.m.”. In San Francisco for example a performance standard is set for the maximum allowed wind velocity so that “a building form which causes wind speeds to exceed 11 miles/h in areas where people walk and 7 miles/h in areas where people sit, should not be used”. Discretionary review, in which a comprehensive study is required as part of the environmental impact study (EIS) process. For example, in New York, sponsors of large development projects are required to conduct wind studies. The expected wind velocities in new or existing open spaces shall not exceed the mean wind velocity in existing comparable open spaces. There are not yet urban standards and legislation in Israel about how much a building can shade neighboring buildings, open spaces, or what is the maximum allowed wind speed. As for solar rights, we were contracted to develop legislation [ 11 ] and we hope that our future recommendations will be imposed. However, in many cities, the Israeli ministry of the environment demands from every developer, who intends to build high-rise buildings, a discretionary review for winds and shading, as part of the EIS. As there are not yet urban standards, the results of the study are not always imposed on the project. The shading study is usually an evaluation process, carried by different computer codes, while the wind assessment is in most cases a wind tunnel study. In the following chapter we shall demonstrate the approach to deal with planning control for sun access and wind access and protection [ 12 ] that was carried out in the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district A new business district is being planned in the heart of Tel Aviv on an area of 250, 000 m2. The urban density was changed from 200% to 450%. As a result, the developers wish to build in the area many high-rise buildings 40 stories and above. Existing low-rise residential buildings that surround this new business district will be affected by the high-rise buildings (see Fig. 1). The new master plan of this district was not approved yet, and the residents of neighboring communities can submit objections to the new plan, which they did. The designers of the Tel Aviv City planning department produced a 3D model of the site, in which they assumed that all developers would build the maximum allowed (a likely outcome). The model allows the visualization of the spatial drawbacks in the preliminary design. In particular, it was found that the new buildings create a high wall that would deprive the sun and winds (coming mainly from west) from the existing buildings (Fig. 2). Therefore, the designers of Tel Aviv City planning department decided to adopt certain rules for the design of this new business district so as to ensure sun and winds in the existing residential neighborhood. The Tel Aviv climate is hot and humid, and the sea breeze helps in summer to bring about thermal comfort in open spaces, as well as indoors. Therefore, the proposed high-rise buildings should not block the sea breeze. Moreover, tall buildings can create strong winds at the foot of the buildings. This fact complicates the situation, as near tall buildings the wind velocity may change very fast from extremely strong wind to no breeze at all. The sun in Tel Aviv is undesirable in summer but it can cause any open space and parks to be a very pleasant and enjoyable place to stay in winter. Therefore, permanent shading, even if needed in summer, compromises winter sun. A dynamic solution, like shading open spaces and sidewalks in summer by deciduous trees that supply winter insolation, is preferred. In general, at least one pedestrian sidewalk should be exposed to winter sun to provide thermal comfort in winter. The other sidewalk, which is shaded by the building in winter, can be protected from the summer sun by permanent shading devices, or by evergreen trees. On top of it, in Israel there is a requirement by law, for every residential unit, to have solar panels for hot water. It is mandatory, therefore, that these panels will be exposed to the sun the year around. 4. Planning control for sun access “Solar Rights Envelope” defines the space of all possible solutions for the determination of a design that does not violate the solar rights of existing buildings and open spaces during a given period of the year (See Fig. 3). The model SustArc creates such an envelope [ 5 and 6 ]. Display Full Size version of this image (18K) Fig. 3. The solar rights envelope. In the design of the new business district, the use of solar envelopes was recommended to protect the solar rights. The requirement was to achieve solar access during the entire winter, between 8 a.m. and 3.00 p.m., in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the main avenue that is the only existing green open area. The solar envelope that fulfills the above requirement, as well as the obtained shape of the buildings under this envelope, are presented in Fig. 4. Display Full Size version of this image (11K) Fig. 4. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the main green open space. Although the requirements were only to ensure solar access to the residential neighborhood, we added the demand that the main two avenues from west to east will be exposed to the sun during the same period. This is in order to ensure that the morning and afternoon walk from the railway station to work, is in the sun (see Fig. 6). On top of it, we required that the main inner street parallel to the main green avenue would have solar access during lunchtime from 12.00 to 13.00. These requirements will allow the people to enjoy walking in the sun to the two avenues (A and B in Fig. 6) that lead them to the main green avenue, to have lunch in the garden, or in the planned restaurants along the green avenue. Fig. 5 presents the solar envelope that was accepted as design guidelines for the relocation or reshaping of the tall buildings in the business district. All buildings higher than this envelope (these are the buildings that can be seen above the net of the envelope) must be displaced to another location, or should be reshaped (see Fig. 6). This is a descriptive approach, in which all possible consistent solutions are given in advance. However, we mixed the descriptive approach with the performance one, by allowing some exceptions, as long as the shading caused by these buildings is not above a given standard. But, till such standard will exist, a discretionary review approach might be necessary. Display Full Size version of this image (36K) Fig. 5. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Display Full Size version of this image (22K) Fig. 6. The maximum allowed floors for each building, keeping solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Based on these design guidelines a new scheme was suggested by the city planners, that follows the solar envelope (see Fig. 7). Until now, few tall buildings have already been relocated and reshaped, so that they will not stick out from the given solar envelope. Display Full Size version of this image (33K) Fig. 7. Design guidelines on building mass as proposed by the city planners. View from south–east. 5. Planning control for wind access and protection Contrary to other cities, where the requirements were only to protect from high wind velocity around tall buildings, the demand in our case was to ensure good ventilation to the residential neighborhood located east to the business center. The situation today is, that in the business district, most of the buildings are seven floors high and are in a very bad physical condition. Therefore, the majority of the buildings should be demolished and replaced by new ones. The only exception is the first row of buildings near the freeway that are seven floors and new. Today, one can feel in the neighboring residential quarter the good breeze coming from the west. The proposed new tall buildings, thirty floors and above, may block the breeze. As a result, the residents of this quarter objected to the new design on the ground of wind rights. The question that was raised, therefore, was what should be the ventilation corridors inside the business district tissue, so that good natural ventilation will remain in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the new business district. This fact complicated the situation, as in many design alternatives the very solution for ensuring the breeze in the residential quarter, may cause excessive winds in the business district (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). There are not yet design tools that can create the envelope of all possible solutions that satisfy wind requirements, or wind protection. Therefore, performance approach and evaluation technique were applied by using a CFD simulation model FLUENT 5.0.2 [ 13 ]. We required the following: wind velocity in the main avenues and streets should be in summer at least 2 m/s in walking areas, and 1 m/s in sitting areas. In winter, wind velocity in the main green avenue should not be higher than 5 m/s in walking areas and 3.5 m/s in sitting areas. In other streets, where people move fast, it can reach up to 9 m/s . In the residential neighborhood, the breeze should be similar to what exists today. FLUENT is a very powerful tool. It requires heavy calculations, but gives detailed results that can show the wind pattern in any plan or cross-section (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). We used FLUENT with the k– turbulence model, to evaluate the existing situation. We compared it with the proposed design (Fig. 9) and with the design based on the solar envelope ( Fig. 10). Many different design alternatives were proposed and evaluated, until a design solution was found, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood are preserved while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. As the buildings are not yet designed, and for the master plan only general information about the mass of the buildings is required, we assumed simple shapes, and conducted parametric evaluation, in order to find the influence of each design option on the wind pattern. Also, as the simulations are CPU time intensive, we shorten the evaluation procedure by presenting in the same plan different widths for the ventilation corridors, as well as different widths for the north–south streets. In this way we could learn from the same run, what is the preferred width of the ventilation corridors. Fig. 8 presents the standard meteorological wind measurements on site, 10 m above the ground. From this figure one learns that the desired winds in the hot seasons come mainly from the west and northwest and in general the wind velocity is about 3.5 m/s. To ensure wind rights, we carried simulations for these two directions. In all simulations we assumed a wind profile appropriate for the urban roughness and wind velocity of 3.5 m/s at the entrance. Display Full Size version of this image (21K) Fig. 8. The wind rose as measured in site. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show few of the simulations results and only for winds coming from the west. In general, the wind coming from northwest gave better results than what is shown here. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 top left present the existing situation; i.e. all buildings are seven floors high. The widths of the north–south streets are 16 and 36 m according to the existing situation and widths of the east–west streets are 36, 24 and 12 m. The latter are the ventilation corridors that should allow the sea breeze to reach the residential neighborhood. According to the wind pattern obtained, we required that the north–south streets should be at least 36 m in order not to have wind stagnation in the street. The ventilation corridors should be at least 24 m, preferable 36 m. For the 12 m wide ventilation corridor, the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood is too low, even in the existing situation of seven floors high buildings. Therefore, we defined the wind pattern examined area as the area east to the 24 and 36 m ventilation corridors only. Based on these recommendations ventilation corridors were designed and required by the city planners (see Fig. 11). Display Full Size version of this image (80K) Fig. 9. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design. Bottom—parametric analysis. Display Full Size version of this image (79K) Fig. 10. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design according to the Solar envelope section. Bottom left—parametric analysis: Seven floors buildings along the pathway. Bottom right—parametric analysis: Adding trees at the entrance of the ventilation corridor. Display Full Size version of this image (16K) Fig. 11. Ventilation corridors as requested by the city planners. Fig. 9 presents the simulation results for the proposed design (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that cutting the building in 45ฐ at the exit of the business district, improves the ventilation in both the main green avenue and the residential neighborhood (bottom left). On the other hand, changing the plan of the middle tower from square to round deteriorates the microclimate conditions. Fig. 10 presents the simulation results for the proposed design according to the solar envelope section (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that the design according the solar envelope preserves also the wind rights. However, the wind velocity along the east–west pathway is too high, and should be reduced. Adding seven floors high buildings along the 36 m wide pathway, reduces the high velocity wind speed in this pathway, but also reduces a little bit the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood. Adding trees at the entrance to the ventilation corridors reduces the wind velocity inside the ventilation corridors, and also in the residential neighborhood. However, the wind pattern obtained is quite satisfactory (bottom right). 6. Summary and conclusions This work presents a case study in which, for the first time, the solar rights envelope was used in Israel for the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv, keeping solar rights in a high-density urban area. Using this solar envelope we could determine the maximum allowed heights of the buildings that ensure proper insolation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the new business district and the main green avenue. The requirement to build under the solar envelope is a prescriptive/descriptive approach. To protect both, the solar and wind rights, the solar envelope was created first, this envelope was then evaluated using a CFD technique to ensure the wind rights and tolerable winds inside the business district. From the many simulations performed (only few of them shown here) we found that it is not easy to use the prescriptive/descriptive approach, as was done in the solar rights requirement. Only for the determination of the geometry of the ventilation corridors to ensure wind rights, such an approach can be applied. However, for the wind control, a standard performance approach should be applied. This is because the winds pattern depends on the exact geometry of all buildings around. Changing the geometry of one building can influence the wind pattern around other buildings. Therefore, performance standards should be established, and the wind pattern around the building should be evaluated against these standards, by certified tools and users. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the fund for promotion of research at the Technion. Research Number 022.732, and 022.751. References 1. F. Arumi, Computer-aided energy design for buildings. In: D. Watson, Editor, Energy conservation through building design, McGraw-Hill, New York (1979). 2. Shaviv E. Design tools for solar rights and sun-shades determination. Proceedings of the Ninth National Passive Solar Conference ASES, Boulder, CO, 1984. p. 14–9. 3. Wright R, Hoinkes R. Computational issues in urban design: developing a strategy for solar impact assessment. In: Flemming, Wyk, editors. CAAD futures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1993. 4. Schiler M, Ueng-Fang P. Solvelope: an interactive computer program for defining and drawing solar envelopes. 18th National Passive Solar Conference-ASES, Washington, DC, 1993. 5. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban grids and fabric with solar rights considerations. Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997. p. 148–60. 6. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban fabric with solar rights consideration. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. p. 1341–7. 7. Kroner WM, Abrey D. From the sun's point of view. Proceedings of the 10th National Passive Solar Conference, Ralleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1985. 8. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. A Design tool for analyzing mutual shading between buildings, Solar energy, Vol. 52, No. 1. USA: Pergamon Press, 1994. p. 27–37. 9. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. Shading: analyzing mutual shading among buildings. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. 10. Bosselmann P, Arens E, Dunker K, Wright R. Sun, wind, and pedestrian comfort. A study of Toronto's central area. Center for Environmental Design Research, University of California at Berkeley and Center for Landscape Architecture Research, University of Toronto. The Department of Planning and Development, City of Toronto, 1991. 11. Shaviv E, Capeluto IG, Yezioro A. Solar rights in high density urban design. Research Proposal No. 022.732, Ministry of Housing, Israel, 2001. 12. HELIOS Climate Energy CAD and Architecture Ltd. Urban climatic design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. Internal Report, 2000 [ in Hebrew ]. 13. FLUENT Inc. Fluent user's guide. NH, USA: Fluent Inc., 1999. Corresponding author. Tel.: +972-4-829-4013; fax: +972-4-829-4617 Building and Environment Volume 38, Issue 6, June 2003, Pages 827-835 |
| | That lad from the sunnier climate, east of Suez? | เด็กหนุ่มจากสภาพภูมิอากาศที่ แสงแดดนั้น ทางทิศตะวันออกจากคลอง สุเอซ? Help! (1965) | | In this climate, nothing lives without water or salt. | ในสภาวะเช่นนี้ ไม่มีอะไรอยู่ได้ โดยปราศจากน้ำและเกลือ Gandhi (1982) | | Although not dressed for the Lancashire climate Mr. Gandhi received a warm welcome from mill workers before heading back south for a final meeting with Mr. MacDonald. | แม้จะแต่งกายไม่เหมาะกับสภาพอากาศ แต่เขาได้รับการต้อนรับ อย่างอบอุ่นยิ่งจากคนงาน ก่อนที่จะลงใต้ Gandhi (1982) | | You see, one way to achieve the impossible is to change the climate. | You see, one way to achieve the impossible is to change the climate. Anna and the King (1999) | | I was worried about as well climate oppressive regimes human rights the big difference between us was | ผมก็เป็นห่วงเหมือนกัน สภาพอากาศ ระบอบเผด็จการ สิทธิมนุษยชน ความแตกต่างอย่างมากระหว่างเราก็คือ The Corporation (2003) | | I worry about climate. | ผมเองก็เป็นห่วงเรื่องมลภาวะ The Corporation (2003) | | We found evidence of a cataclysmic climate shift 10, 000 years ago. | เราพบหลักฐาน... ที่เกิดขึ้นเมื่อ 10, 000 ปีก่อน The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | The Northern Hemisphere owes its climate to the North Atlantic Current. | ซีกโลกทางเหนือมีภูมิอากาศ ตามกระแสแอตแลนติกเหนือ The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | ... theregoesourwarmclimate. | ... ความอบอุ่นในโลกก็จะหมดไป The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | Our climate is fragile. | บรรยากาศโลกเราเปราะบาง The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | ... aboutyourtheory on abrupt climate shift. | ... ทฤษฎีสภาพอากาศที่เปลี่ยนแปลงกระทันหัน The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | My model is a reconstruction of a prehistoric climate shift. | โปรแกรมผมแค่จำลอง สภาพอากาศในยุคโบราณ The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | Jack's a paleoclimatologist, and I have absolutely no idea what he's up to. | แจ็คเป็นนักอุตุนิยมวิทยาโบราญ ผมไม่รู้ว่าเขาทำอะไร The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | They've asked me to feed it into my paleoclimate model... | พวกเขาขอให้ผมใช้โปรแกรม... The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | I think we're on the verge of a major climate shift. | โลกกำลังเข้าสู่ภาวะอากาศเปลี่ยนแปลงฉับพลัน The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | Our climate is changing violently. It will happen over the next six to eight weeks. | สภาพอากาศที่จะเปลี่ยนแปลงรุนแรง ในช่วง 6-8 สัปดาห์นี้ The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | ... becauseonescientistthinks the climate is shifting. | ... เพียงแค่เพราะนักวิทยาศาสตร์คนเดียวพูด The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | -My dad's a climatologist. | -พ่อผมเป็นนักพยากรอากาศ The Day After Tomorrow (2004) | | And climate-controlled. | แล้วก็ควบคุมอุณหภูมิได้ด้วย Primer (2004) | | It just took some getting used to for me. I wasn't completely acclimated to it. | มันน่าจะใช้ทำอะไรได้บ้าง ถึงฉันจะยังปรับตัวไม่ได้เสียทีเดียว Primer (2004) | | typical Europeans prefer clothes with bright colors due to their climate conditions and luxurious taste, don't they? | คนยุโรปชอบ เนื่องจากอากาศแบบนี้ ทำให้เค้าชอบ เสื้อผ้าสีสว่าง ๆ แล้วก็แบบมีรสนิยม ใช่มั้ย? Paris ei yeonin (2004) | | This alpine climate is fickle. | อากาศมันกำลังจะเปลี่ยน Nin x Nin: Ninja Hattori-kun, the Movie (2004) | | I have to keep it warm in here. My workers are used to an extremely hot climate. | ฉันจำเป็นต้องทำให้มันอุ่นหน่อย คนงานฉันเคยแต่อยุ่ในที่ร้อนๆ Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) | | We've... acclimated. | เรา ... คุ้นเคยกัน Just Like Heaven (2005) | | This space suit will allow me to control the climate and the pressure that you need to be in space. | ชุดอวกาศนี้ทำให้ฉันสามารถควบคุม... สภาพอากาศและความดัน ที่จำเป็นต้องใช้ในอวกาศได้ The Astronaut Farmer (2006) | | The places where people live were chosen because of the climate pattern that has been pretty much the same on Earth since the end of the last ice age 1 1, 000 years ago. | สถานที่ที่ผู้คนอาศัยอยู่ถูกเลือก จากรูปแบบของภูมิอากาศของโลก ที่ค่อนข้างคล้ายกัน An Inconvenient Truth (2006) | | The Earth's climate is like a big engine for redistributing heat from the equator to the poles. | ภูมิอากาศของโลกคล้ายกับเครื่องยนต์ สำหรับกระจายความร้อนขนาดใหญ่ จากศูนย์สูตรไปยังขั้วโลก An Inconvenient Truth (2006) | | They tell us, the scientists do, that the Earth's climate is a nonlinear system. | นักวิทยาศาสตร์บอกเราว่าภูมิอากาศของโลกเป็นระบบแปรผัน An Inconvenient Truth (2006) | | In the volatile climate of the 21st century, the sharing of deterrent technologies by responsible powers is the surest guarantee of global peace. | ในสภาพผันผวนของศรรตวรรษที่21 การร่วมมือด้านเทคโลโนยีของมหาอำนาจที่เชื่อถือได้ การร่วมมือด้านเทคโลโนยีของมหาอำนาจที่เชื่อถือได้ Day 5: 10:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m. (2006) | | You must learn to read between the lines if you want to discern the political climate. | เจ้าต้องเรียนรู้ในการตีความ ถ้าเจ้าต้องการรู้สถานการณ์การเมือง Episode #1.8 (2006) | | Doctor said I should find a drier climate. | หมอบอกให้หาที่อากาศแห้งๆ อยู่ 3:10 to Yuma (2007) | | The doctor said he'd die if he didn't have a dry climate, so... | หมอว่าเขาจะตาย ถ้าไม่พาเขาไปอยู่ที่ อากาศแห้งๆ ก็เลย... 3:10 to Yuma (2007) | | Climate's right. The soil reports are great. | สภาพอากาศดี ดินก็เยี่ยม The Messengers (2007) | | As and that worsened so much like this the climate? | ฝนมันตกหนักเลย Next (2007) | | I'm afraid I can't express myself in this climate. | ผมกลัวว่าผมจะไม่สามารถเผยตัวเองได้ ในสภาพอากาศแบบนี้ 1408 (2007) | | Scientists have ruled out global warming as the cause of the climatic events being reported around the globe. | นักวิทยาศาสตร์ได้หากฎ ภาวะโลกร้อน ที่เป็นสาเหตุของเหตุการณ์ภาวะอากาศ ที่ได้เกิดขึ้นไปทั่วโลก Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007) | | "The climate is also new." | "บรรยากาศใหม่ๆ" Heyy Babyy (2007) | | That's the climate of the marketplace these days. | มันคือสภาวะ ในตลาดปัจจุบันนี้ The Ten (2007) | | Weather center also reporting unique climate changes all over the globe and we have a theory that explains this activity. | ศูนย์พยากรณ์อากาศก็ได้รายงานถึงสภาพอากาศที่เปลี่ยนแปลงโดยสิ้นเชิง กับโลก และเรามีทฤษฎีที่จะอธิบายถึงสาเหตุนี้ 2012 Doomsday (2008) | | In the next 48 hours, we're going to see a huge amount of seismic activity and intense climate changes. | อีก48ชั่วโมงเราจะเห็นการเกิดแผ่นดินไหวครั้งใหญ่ และการเปลี่ยนแปลงของสภาพอากาศ 2012 Doomsday (2008) | | Looks like you're getting acclimated to life on the run. | ดูเหมือนว่านายเคยชินกับการใช้ชีวิตแบบหลบหนี Just Business (2008) | | To a tropical climate! | ในเขตอากาศร้อนชื้น Last Resort (2008) | | That's right, in the current political climate | นั่นถูกต้องที่สุด, ในสภาพการเมืองปัจจุบันนี้ Iljimae (2008) | | The university isn't gonna get itself embroiled in that kind of controversy, not in this charged climate. | มหาวิทยาลัยอยู่ไม่ได้หรอกนะถ้าไปขวางเขา ก็ไม่ได้ทุนสักเก๊เดียว Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) | | Look, I acclimating to the warmer climate, all right? | ฟังนะ ฉันกำลังปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศร้อน โอเคไหม Safe and Sound (2008) | | After 180.000 nomadic years, and thanks to a more clement climate, humans settled down. | หลังจาก 180, 000 ปีแห่งการเร่ร่อน, และขอบคุณสภาพอากาศที่ไม่รุนแรง มนุษย์จึงสามารถตั้งถิ่นฐานได้ Home (2009) | | Having made grain the yeast of life, we multiplied the number of varieties and learned to adapt them to our soils and climates. | หลังธัญญาหารแห่งชีวิตกำแรก เราได้ทวีคูณความหลากหลายของมัน ปรับปรุงมันให้เข้ากับดินและสภาพอากาศ Home (2009) | | Crops adapted to soils and climates gave way to the most productive varieties and the easiest to transport. | พืชผลปรับตัวตาม สภาพดินและอากาศ ปูทางสู่ผลผลิตที่หลากหลาย และง่ายต่อการขนส่ง Home (2009) | | They are the cornerstone of the climatic balance on which we all depend. | พวกมันสำคัญต่อสมดุลของสภาพอากาศ ที่พวกเราต้องพึ่งพา Home (2009) | | Under its surface lies a climatic time-bomb. | ภายใต้ผืนดินมี ระเบิดเวลาแห่งสภาพอากาศ Home (2009) |
| | climat | Acclimate a plant to a new environment. | | climat | A humid climate is characteristic of the peninsula. | | climat | As a whole the climate of Japan is mild. | | climat | Because of the difference in climate, the same crop is not cultivated in the North and East of the country. | | climat | Canada has a cold climate. | | climat | Do you think our climate has an influence on our character? | | climat | Generally speaking, the climate here is mild. | | climat | Generally speaking, the climate in England is mild. | | climat | Generally speaking, the climate of Japan is mild. | | climat | Global climatic changes may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. | | climat | He was soon acclimated to his new job. | | climat | He will soon get used to the climate here. | | climat | How do you like the climate of Japan? | | climat | I am becoming accustomed to the severe climate here bit by bit. | | climat | If it weren't for the climate, I'd like it here very much. | | climat | India has a different climate from England. | | climat | I really enjoy the climate. | | climat | It is high time we thought more about the damage to the world's climate. | | climat | It is strange that people in hot climate eat hot things like curry. | | climat | It may be said, as a role, that the climate of Japan mild. | | climat | It's an African country, so you may think the climate is very hot. | | climat | Japan has a mild climate. | | climat | London is different from Tokyo climatically. | | climat | London's climate differs from that of Tokyo. | | climat | Many plants and crops grow here thanks to the mild climate. | | climat | Many retired people move to the Sunbelt to enjoy sports such as golf or tennis in a milder climate. | | climat | No plant can grow in this climate. | | climat | Okinawa has a fine climate all year round. | | climat | On the whole, Canada has a severe climate. | | climat | On the whole, the country has a severe climate. | | climat | Our country's climate is temperate. | | climat | Rice grows in warm climates. | | climat | Surrounded by the sea, Japan has a mild climate. | | climat | Swallows migrate to a warm climate. | | climat | That island has a tropical climate. | | climat | The climate affected his health. | | climat | The climate affected the growth of trees and plants. | | climat | The climate affects people in every land. | | climat | The climate has much to do with our mind and body. | | climat | The climate here does not agree with me. | | climat | The climate here doesn't agree with me. | | climat | The climate here is generally mild. | | climat | The climate here is like that of France. | | climat | The climate here is like that of Hokkaido. | | climat | The climate here is mild. | | climat | The climate here is milder than that of England. | | climat | The climate here is milder than that of Moscow. | | climat | The climate here is milder than that of Tokyo. | | climat | The climate here is very mild, and snow seldom falls even in winter. | | climat | The climate here is very similar to that England. |
| | ภูมิอากาศ | (n) weather, See also: climate, Syn. อากาศ | | ลมฟ้าอากาศ | (n) weather, See also: climate, condition, Syn. ดินฟ้าอากาศ, อากาศ, Example: ลมฟ้าอากาศของประเทศร้อนย่อมมีอุณหภูมิและความชื้นของอากาศสูง | | อากาศ | (n) climate, See also: weather, Syn. ภูมิอากาศ, Example: กล้วยไม้พันธุ์นี้ชินกับอากาศของประเทศไทย, Thai Definition: สภาพดินฟ้าอากาศโดยทั่วๆ ไป | | ภูมิอากาศ | (n) climate, See also: weather conditions, atmospheric conditions, Syn. สภาพอากาศ, ดินฟ้าอากาศ, ลมฟ้าอากาศ, Example: ปรากฏการณ์เอลนิโนทำให้ภูมิอากาศในภาคอีสานเลวร้ายหนักเข้าไปอีก, Thai Definition: สภาพดินฟ้าอากาศโดยทั่วๆ ไป | | เคย | (v) be accustomed to, See also: be familiar with, be used to, be acclimatized to, be conversant with, Syn. คุ้น, ชิน | | ดินฟ้าอากาศ | (n) climate, See also: weather, Syn. อากาศ, สภาพอากาศ, ภูมิอากาศ, ลมฟ้าอากาศ, Example: กรมอุตุนิยมเป็นกรมที่มีหน้าที่ในการพยากรณ์ดินฟ้าอากาศในแต่ละวัน |
| | แอร์ | [aē] (n, exp) EN: air conditioner ; air conditioning FR: air conditionné [ m ] ; airco [ m ] ; climatisation [ f ] | | อากาศ | [ākāt] (n) EN: weather ; climate FR: temps [ m ] ; météo [ f ] ; climat [ m ] | | อากาศหนาว | [ākāt nāo] (n, exp) EN: cold weather FR: il fait froid ; temps froid [ m ] ; climat froid [ m ] | | อากาศตามฤดูกาล | [akāt tām reudūkān] (n, exp) EN: climate | | ชิน | [chin] (v, exp) EN: be accustomed to ; be used to ; get used to ; be familiar with ; be acclimatized to ; accustom ; be conversant with FR: être habitué à ; être accoutumé de | | ดินฟ้าอากาศ | [dinfā-akāt] (n) EN: climate ; weather ; elements FR: temps [ m ] ; climat [ m ] ; éléments (climatiques) [ mpl ] | | การเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ | [kān plīenplaēng saphāpphūmīakāt] (n, exp) EN: climate change FR: changement climatique [ m ] | | เคย | [khoēi] (x) EN: be used to ; be accustomed ; be familiar with ; be acclimatized to ; be conversant with FR: avoir l'habitude de ; être habitué à ; avoir déjà ; être accoutumé | | เครื่องปรับอากาศ | [khreūang prap-ākāt] (n) EN: air conditioner = air-conditioner FR: climatiseur [ m ] ; conditionneur (d'air) [ m ] ; appareil de climatisation [ m ] | | ลมฟ้าอากาศ | [lom fā ākāt] (n, exp) EN: weather ; climate FR: temps [ m ] | | ลมค้า | [lom khā] (n, exp) EN: trade wind FR: climat des affaires [ m ] | | ภาวะโลกร้อน | [phāwa lōk røn] (n, exp) EN: global warming FR: réchauffement climatique [ m ] ; réchauffement global [ m ] | | ภาวะภูมิอากาศเปลี่ยนแปลง | [phāwa phūmīakāt plīenplaēng] (n, exp) EN: climate change FR: changement climatique [ m ] | | ผิดอากาศ | [phit akāt] (v, exp) EN: react badly to a change of weather ; be not acclimatized to the climate | | ภูมิอากาศ | [phūmīakāt] (n) EN: climate ; weather ; atmospheric conditions FR: climat [ f ] ; temps [ m ] ; conditions atmosphériques [ fpl ] | | ปรับอากาศ | [prap-akāt] (v) EN: air-condition ; regulate the room temperature ; apply air-conditioning FR: climatiser | | ปรับอากาศ | [prap-akāt] (adj) EN: air-conditioned FR: climatisé | | ปรับตัว | [praptūa] (v) EN: adapt ; acclimate ; adjust oneself FR: s'adapter ; s'accommoder ; obéir aux circonstances | | ปรับตัวให้ชินกับอากาศ | [praptūa hai chin kap ākāt] (v, exp) EN: acclimate ; adjust oneself to the weather FR: s'acclimater | | สภาพอากาศ | [saphāp ākāt] (n, exp) EN: weather ; climate FR: climat [ m ] |
| | | | acclimatization | (n) adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment), Syn. acclimatisation, acclimation | | acclimatize | (v) get used to a certain climate, Syn. acclimatise, acclimate | | bioclimatic | (adj) of or concerned with the relations of climate and living organisms | | bioclimatology | (n) the study of effects of climate on living organisms | | climate | (n) the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time, Syn. clime | | climate | (n) the prevailing psychological state, Syn. mood | | climate change | (n) a change in the world's climate, Syn. global climate change | | climatic | (adj) of or relating to a climate, Syn. climatical | | climatically | (adv) with respect to climate | | climatic zone | (n) any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude | | climatologist | (n) someone who is expert in climatology | | climatology | (n) meteorology of climates and their phenomena | | national climatic data center | (n) the part of NOAA that maintains the world's largest active archive of weather data, Syn. NCDC | | paleoclimatology | (n) the study of the climate of past ages, Syn. palaeoclimatology |
| | Acclimatable | a. Capable of being acclimated. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimatation | n. [ Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate. ] Acclimatization. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimate | v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Acclimated p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating. ] [ F. acclimater; à (l. ad) + climat climate. See Climate. ] To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize. J. H. Newman. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimatement | n. Acclimation. [ R. ] [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimation | n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimatizable | a. Capable of being acclimatized. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimatization | n. The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimatize | v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Acclimatized p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing ] To inure or habituate to a climate different from that which is natural; to adapt to the peculiarities of a foreign or strange climate; said of man, the inferior animals, or plants. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Acclimature | n. The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [ R. ] Caldwell. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatal | a. Climatic. Dunglison. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatarchic | a. [ Climate + Gr. &unr_; to rule. ] Presiding over, or regulating, climates. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climate | n. [ F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. &unr_;, &unr_;, slope, the supposed slope of the earth (from the equator toward the pole), hence a region or zone of the earth, fr. &unr_; to slope, incline, akin to E. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime. ] 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day. [ 1913 Webster ] 2. The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climate | v. i. To dwell. [ Poetic ] Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatic | a. Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatical | a. Climatic. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatize | v. t. & i. [ imp. & p. p. Climatized p. pr. & vb. n. Climatizing. ] To acclimate or become acclimated. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatography | n. [ Climate + -graphy. ] A description of climates. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatological | a. Of or pertaining to climatology. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatologist | n. One versed in, or who studies, climatology. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climatology | n. [ Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie. ] The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Climature | n. [ Cf. F. climature. ] A climate. [ Obs. ] Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] |
| | 气候 | [qì hòu, ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ, 气 候 / 氣 候] climate; atmosphere; situation #4,376 [Add to Longdo] | | 寒冷 | [hán lěng, ㄏㄢˊ ㄌㄥˇ, 寒 冷] cold (climate); frigid; very cold #5,642 [Add to Longdo] | | 亚热带 | [yà rè dài, ㄧㄚˋ ㄖㄜˋ ㄉㄞˋ, 亚 热 带 / 亞 熱 帶] subtropical (zone or climate) #26,244 [Add to Longdo] | | 水土 | [shuǐ tǔ, ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄊㄨˇ, 水 土] water and soil; surface water; (by extension) natural environment; climate #26,608 [Add to Longdo] | | 水土不服 | [shuǐ tǔ bù fú, ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄊㄨˇ ㄅㄨˋ ㄈㄨˊ, 水 土 不 服] not acclimatized #35,425 [Add to Longdo] | | 小气候 | [xiǎo qì hòu, ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ, 小 气 候 / 小 氣 候] microclimate; fig. local situation #53,802 [Add to Longdo] | | 厄尔尼诺 | [È ěr Ní nuò, ㄜˋ ㄦˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄋㄨㄛˋ, 厄 尔 尼 诺 / 厄 爾 尼 諾] El Niño, equatorial climate variation in the Pacific #58,198 [Add to Longdo] | | 寒带 | [hán dài, ㄏㄢˊ ㄉㄞˋ, 寒 带 / 寒 帶] polar climate #87,666 [Add to Longdo] | | 不服水土 | [bù fú shuǐ tǔ, ㄅㄨˋ ㄈㄨˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄊㄨˇ, 不 服 水 土] (of a stranger) not accustomed to the climate of a new place; not acclimatized #225,332 [Add to Longdo] | | 拉尼娜 | [Lā Ní nà, ㄌㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄋㄚˋ, 拉 尼 娜] La Niña, equatorial climatic variation over the Eastern Pacific, as opposed to El Niño 厄爾尼諾|厄尔尼诺 #234,163 [Add to Longdo] | | 全球气候 | [quán qiú qì hòu, ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄡˊ ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ, 全 球 气 候 / 全 球 氣 候] global climate [Add to Longdo] | | 厄尔尼诺現象 | [è ěr ní nuò xiàn xiàng, ㄜˋ ㄦˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄤˋ, 厄 尔 尼 诺 現 象 / 厄 爾 尼 諾 现 象] El Niño effect, equatorial climatic variation over the Pacific Ocean [Add to Longdo] | | 政治气候 | [zhèng zhì qì hòu, ㄓㄥˋ ㄓˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ, 政 治 气 候 / 政 治 氣 候] political climate [Add to Longdo] | | 气候学家 | [qì hòu xué jiā, ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄐㄧㄚ, 气 候 学 家 / 氣 候 學 家] a climatologist [Add to Longdo] | | 气候暖化 | [qì hòu nuǎn huà, ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ ㄋㄨㄢˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ, 气 候 暖 化 / 氣 候 暖 化] climate warming [Add to Longdo] | | 气候状况 | [qì hòu zhuàng kuàng, ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄨㄤˋ ㄎㄨㄤˋ, 气 候 状 况 / 氣 候 狀 況] climatic conditions; atmospheric conditions [Add to Longdo] | | 气候变化 | [qì hòu biàn huà, ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ, 气 候 变 化 / 氣 候 變 化] climate change [Add to Longdo] | | 海洋性气候 | [hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu, ㄏㄞˇ ㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ, 海 洋 性 气 候 / 海 洋 性 氣 候] maritime climate [Add to Longdo] | | 笐 | [gāng, ㄍㄤ, 笐] bamboos placed across wooden frames on which grain may be stored in damp climates [Add to Longdo] | | 节候 | [jié hòu, ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄏㄡˋ, 节 候 / 節 候] season and climate [Add to Longdo] | | 联合国气候变化框架公约 | [Lián hé guó Qì hòu Biàn huà Kuàng jià Gōng yuē, ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄑㄧˋ ㄏㄡˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄎㄨㄤˋ ㄐㄧㄚˋ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄩㄝ, 联 合 国 气 候 变 化 框 架 公 约 / 聯 合 國 氣 候 變 化 框 架 公 約] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [Add to Longdo] |
| | | 人気 | [ひとけ, hitoke] (n) prevailing mood of a locality; emotional climate of a district #1,326 [Add to Longdo] | | 気象 | [きしょう, kishou] (n, adj-no) (1) (See 天気・1) weather; climate; (n) (2) (obsc) (See 気性) disposition; temperament; (P) #3,865 [Add to Longdo] | | 気候 | [きこう, kikou] (n) climate; (P) #4,050 [Add to Longdo] | | 風土記 | [ふどき;ふうどき, fudoki ; fuudoki] (n) description of regional climate, culture, etc. #7,487 [Add to Longdo] | | 風土 | [ふうど, fuudo] (n) natural features; topography; climate; spiritual features; (P) #19,609 [Add to Longdo] | | ＩＰＣＣ | [アイピーシーシー, aipi-shi-shi-] (n) (See 気候変動に関する政府間パネル) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC [Add to Longdo] | | うりずん | [urizun] (n) climate of the third month of the lunar calendar in Okinawa (end of the dry season); early summer [Add to Longdo] | | モンスーン気候 | [モンスーンきこう, monsu-n kikou] (n) monsoon climate [Add to Longdo] | | 亜寒帯気候 | [あかんたいきこう, akantaikikou] (n) subarctic climate [Add to Longdo] | | 亜熱帯気候 | [あねったいきこう, anettaikikou] (n) subtropical climate [Add to Longdo] | | 海岸気候 | [かいがんきこう, kaigankikou] (n) coastal climate; littoral climate [Add to Longdo] | | 海洋気象 | [かいようきしょう, kaiyoukishou] (n) oceanic climate [Add to Longdo] | | 海洋性気候 | [かいようせいきこう, kaiyouseikikou] (n) oceanic climate [Add to Longdo] | | 乾燥気候 | [かんそうきこう, kansoukikou] (n) arid climate [Add to Longdo] | | 気候学 | [きこうがく, kikougaku] (n) climatology [Add to Longdo] | | 気候帯 | [きこうたい, kikoutai] (n) climatic zone [Add to Longdo] | | 気候風土 | [きこうふうど, kikoufuudo] (n) climate and natural features (of a region) [Add to Longdo] | | 気候変動 | [きこうへんどう, kikouhendou] (n) climate change [Add to Longdo] | | 気候変動に関する政府間パネル | [きこうへんどうにかんするせいふかんパネル, kikouhendounikansuruseifukan paneru] (n) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC [Add to Longdo] | | 気象危機 | [きしょうきき, kishoukiki] (n) climate crisis [Add to Longdo] | | 季候 | [きこう, kikou] (n) season; climate [Add to Longdo] | | 魚氷に上る;うお氷に上る | [うおひにのぼる;うおこおりにのぼる, uohininoboru ; uokoorininoboru] (exp) (See 七十二候) third climate of spring (when the ice breaks and fish start appearing near the surface) [Add to Longdo] | | 景況 | [けいきょう, keikyou] (n) situation; business climate; outlook [Add to Longdo] | | 経済情勢 | [けいざいじょうせい, keizaijousei] (n) economic climate [Add to Longdo] | | 高温多湿 | [こうおんたしつ, kouontashitsu] (n, adj-no) high temperature and humidity; hot and humid (climate) [Add to Longdo] | | 高温多湿気候 | [こうおんたしつきこう, kouontashitsukikou] (n) hot and humid climate; steamy climate [Add to Longdo] | | 七十二候 | [しちじゅうにこう, shichijuunikou] (n) (See 節気, 候・こう) the 72 'climates' of the year based on the 24 solar seasons further divided into three [Add to Longdo] | | 社会情勢 | [しゃかいじょうせい, shakaijousei] (n) social conditions; social situation; state of society; social landscape; social climate [Add to Longdo] | | 社風 | [しゃふう, shafuu] (n) corporate culture; company climate or spirit; the way a company does things [Add to Longdo] | | 順応 | [じゅんのう, junnou] (n, vs) adaptation; acclimatization; conforming; adjustment; (P) [Add to Longdo] | | 順化 | [じゅんか, junka] (n, vs) acclimate [Add to Longdo] | | 吹き出し | [ふきだし, fukidashi] (n) (1) blowoff; blowing; venting; (2) speech balloons (in a comic strip); speech bubble; (3) blowing (of a seasonal or climatic wind) [Add to Longdo] | | 政治状況 | [せいじじょうきょう, seijijoukyou] (n) political climate; political situation [Add to Longdo] | | 政治風土 | [せいじふうど, seijifuudo] (n) political climate [Add to Longdo] | | 精神風土 | [せいしんふうど, seishinfuudo] (n) the spiritual climate [Add to Longdo] | | 大陸性気候 | [たいりくせいきこう, tairikuseikikou] (n) continental climate [Add to Longdo] | | 鷹化して鳩となる | [たかかしてはととなる;たかけしてはととなる, takakashitehatotonaru ; takakeshitehatotonaru] (exp) (See 七十二候) one of the 72 climates (from the 11th of the second lunar month until the 15th) [Add to Longdo] | | 暖地 | [だんち, danchi] (n) warm district; region of mild climate [Add to Longdo] | | 地球温暖化防止会議 | [ちきゅうおんだんかぼうしかいぎ, chikyuuondankaboushikaigi] (n) Conference of Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change [Add to Longdo] | | 地中海性気候 | [ちちゅうかいせいきこう, chichuukaiseikikou] (n) Mediterranean climate [Add to Longdo] | | 転地療養 | [てんちりょうよう, tenchiryouyou] (n) seeking to improve one's health with a change of climate [Add to Longdo] | | 田鼠化して鶉となる | [でんそかしてうずらとなる, densokashiteuzuratonaru] (exp) (See 七十二候) time when moles transform into quails (second climate of the third month) [Add to Longdo] | | 内陸性気候 | [ないりくせいきこう, nairikuseikikou] (n) continental or inland climate [Add to Longdo] | | 馴化 | [じゅんか, junka] (n, vs) acclimation [Add to Longdo] | | 熱帯モンスーン気候 | [ねったいモンスーンきこう, nettai monsu-n kikou] (n) tropical monsoon climate [Add to Longdo] | | 熱帯雨林気候 | [ねったいうりんきこう, nettaiurinkikou] (n) tropical rain forest climate [Add to Longdo] | | 年輪気候学 | [ねんりんきこうがく, nenrinkikougaku] (n) dendroclimatology; tree-ring climatology [Add to Longdo] | | 百八 | [ひゃくはち, hyakuhachi] (n) (1) 108; one hundred and eight; (2) { Buddh } (See 煩悩・2) the number of kleshas, worldly thoughts and passions; (3) (See 七十二候, 節気) the sum of 12 months, 24 seasons of the solar year, and 72 'climates' of one year [Add to Longdo] | | 風土気候 | [ふうどきこう, fuudokikou] (n) climate and natural features (of a region) [Add to Longdo] | | 獺魚を祭る | [かわうそうおをまつる, kawausouowomatsuru] (exp) (See 七十二候) one of the 72 climates (from the 16th to the 20th of the first lunar month) [Add to Longdo] |
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