| 这 | - (zhè, ㄓㄜˋ) this; these; (commonly pronounced zhei4 before a classifier, esp. in Beijing) [CE-DICT]
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| 也 | - (なり) (aux-v) (1) (uk) (arch) (meaning 〜だ、〜である) to be (an affirmation); (2) (uk) (arch) (meaning 〜にある、〜にいる. Usu. なる) (See なる・1) to be (location); (n,suf) (3) (usu. 也) sum of money (used to express an exact sum on a receipt, envelope, certificate, etc.) [EDICT]
- (yě, ㄧㄝˇ) also; too; (in classical Chinese) final particle serving as copula [CE-DICT]
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| 没 | - (ぼつ) (n,n-suf) (1) discard; (n) (2) death; (3) (没 only) (abbr) rejection (of a manuscript, etc.); (n-pref) (4) (没 only) lacking; without; (P) [EDICT]
- (méi, ㄇㄟˊ) (negative prefix for verbs); have not; not [CE-DICT]
- (mò, ㄇㄛˋ) drowned; to end; to die; to inundate [CE-DICT]
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| 关 | - (guān, ㄍㄨㄢ) mountain pass; to close; to shut; to turn off; to concern; to involve; surname Guan [CE-DICT]
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| 系 | - (けい) (n,n-suf) (1) system; lineage; group; (2) {math} corollary; (3) (geological) system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (4) (taxonomical) series; (P) [EDICT]
- (xì, ㄒㄧˋ) be; connection; relation; tie up; bind [CE-DICT]
- (xì, ㄒㄧˋ) be; system; to tie; department; faculty [CE-DICT]
- (xì, ㄒㄧˋ) connect; to tie [CE-DICT]
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| 因 | - (いん) (n) (1) cause; factor; (2) {Buddh} (See 縁・えん・5) hetu (direct cause, esp. as opposed to indirect conditions); (3) (See 因明) the basis of one's argument (in hetuvidya); (P) [EDICT]
- (よすが;よすか(ok)) (n) (1) something to rely on; aid; clue; way; means; (2) someone to rely on; relative; (3) reminder; memento [EDICT]
- (yīn, ㄧㄣ) cause; reason; because [CE-DICT]
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| 为 | - (wéi, ㄨㄟˊ) as (in the capacity of); to take sth as; to act as; to serve as; to behave as; to become; to be; to do [CE-DICT]
- (wèi, ㄨㄟˋ) because of; for; to [CE-DICT]
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| 而 | - (ér, ㄦˊ) and; as well as; and so; but (not); yet (not); (indicates causal relation); (indicates change of state); (indicates contrast) [CE-DICT]
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| 且 | - (qiě, ㄑㄧㄝˇ) further; moreover [CE-DICT]
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| 加 | - (か) (n) (1) addition; increase; (2) (abbr) (See 加奈陀) Canada; (P) [EDICT]
- (jiā, ㄐㄧㄚ) to add; plus; abbr. for Canada 加拿大 [CE-DICT]
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| 上 | - (かみ) ยอด, ส่วนบน, ข้างบน [LongdoJP]
- (うえ) (n,adj-no,n-adv,n-suf) (1) above; up; over; elder (e.g. daughter); (2) top; summit; (3) surface; on; (4) before; previous; (5) superiority; one's superior (i.e. one's elder); (6) on top of that; besides; what's more; (7) upon (further inspection, etc.); based on (and occurring after); (8) matters concerning...; as concerns ...; (9) (as ...上は) since (i.e. "for that reason"); (n-suf) (10) (hon) (See 父上) suffix indicating higher social standing; (11) (arch) place of one's superior (i.e. the throne); (12) (arch) emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo; (13) (arch) noblewoman (esp. the wife of a nobleman); (P) [EDICT]
- (うわ) (n,pref) upper; upward; outer; surface; top [EDICT]
- (かみ) (n) (1) (ant [EDICT]
- (じょう) (n-suf) (1) from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); in the field of; being of the type of; (2) aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; on; above; (n) (3) (See 下・げ・2) first volume (e.g. book); (n,pref) (4) superior quality; best; top; high class; (5) going up; (6) governmental; imperial; (7) presenting; showing; (pref) (8) ana- (medical, biol.); (P) [EDICT]
- (shàng, ㄕㄤˋ) on; on top; upon; first (of two parts); previous or last (week etc); upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; above; to go up; to attend (class or university); third tone of putonghua [CE-DICT]
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