| ลองค้นหาคำในรูปแบบอื่น ๆ เพื่อให้ได้ผลลัพธ์มากขึ้นหรือน้อยลง: udy, -udy- |
มีผลลัพธ์ที่ไม่แสดงผลอยู่ | gaudy | (adj) ฉูดฉาด (แต่ไร้รสนิยม), See also: หรูหรา, Syn. garish, flashy, Ant. tasteful, muted | | study | (vi) ศึกษา, See also: เรียน, เล่าเรียน, Syn. learn, read | | study | (vt) ศึกษา, See also: เรียน, เล่าเรียน, Syn. learn, read | | study | (vt) วิเคราะห์, See also: ตรวจสอบ, Syn. investigate, research | | study | (vt) พิจารณา, See also: พินิจพิจารณา, Syn. examine, consider | | study | (n) การศึกษา, See also: การเล่าเรียน, Syn. education, learning, reading | | study | (n) การวิเคราะห์, See also: การตรวจสอบ, Syn. investigation, inspection | | study | (n) รายงานการศึกษา, See also: รายงานการค้นคว้า, Syn. report | | study | (n) ห้องค้นคว้า, See also: ห้องศึกษาเล่าเรียน, ห้องเขียนหนังสือ, Syn. library, schoolroom | | cloudy | (adj) กำกวม, See also: ไม่ชัดเจน, Syn. vague, indistinct, Ant. clear | | cloudy | (adj) ที่ปกคลุมด้วยเมฆ, Syn. overcast | | cloudy | (adj) ที่เหมือนเมฆ | | study for | (phrv) ศึกษาอย่างหนัก, See also: เรียน, เล่าเรียน | | case study | (n) การศึกษา, Syn. case | | self-study | (n) การศึกษาด้วยตนเอง, See also: การเรียนด้วยตัวเอง | | understudy | (vt) ศึกษาบทแทน, See also: ศึกษาการแสดงแทน, ฝึกทำหน้าที่แทน, Syn. deputize | | understudy | (n) ตัวละครสำรอง, See also: ผู้แสดงแทน, ผู้รับบทแทนในกรณีที่ตัวจริงไม่อยู่ | | understudy | (vi) ศึกษาบทแทน, See also: ศึกษาการแสดงแทน, ฝึกทำหน้าที่แทน, Syn. deputize | | study under | (phrv) เป็นศิษย์ของ |
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| | brown study | n. อยู่ในภวังค์, หมกมุ่นอยู่กับการดูหนังสืออย่างมาก | | case study | n. การศึกษาเรื่องราวทีละราย, ประวัติคนไข้ | | cloudy | (เคลา'ดี) adj. เต็มไปด้วยก้อนเมฆ, เกี่ยวกับเมฆ, มืดมัว, ไม่ใส, ไม่ชัด, เลือนลาง, ขุ่น, เศร้าซึม., See also: cloudily adv. ดูcloudy cloudiness n. ดูcloudy, Syn. gray, overcast | | gaudy | (กอ'ดี) adj. หรูหรา, ฉูดฉาด, บาดตา, ขี้โอ่, โอ้อวด.n. งานเลี้ยงฉลองอย่างเอิกเกริก, See also: gaudily adv. gaudiness n., Syn. showy, flashy, garish | | study | (สทัด'ดี) n. การศึกษา, การเรียน, การค้นคว้า, การดูหนังสือ, การพิเคราะห์พิจารณา, การสืบสวนสอบสวน, การวิจัย, สิ่งที่ศึกษา, สิ่งที่ค้นคว้า, รายงานการค้นคว้า, สาขาวิชา, ความมานะบากบั่น, การทดลองวาดหรือประพันธ์, ห้องค้นคว้า, เพลงฝึกซ้อม, สิ่งที่ใช้ฝึกฝนการเรียน. vi. ศึกษา | | understudy | (อัน'เดอะสทัด'ดี) vt., vi. ศึกษาบททดแทน, ศึกษาการแสดงแทน, ฝึกเข้าหน้าที่แทน n. ตัวสำรอง, Syn. underling |
| | cloudy | (adj) มีเมฆมาก, มืดมัว, ไม่แจ่มใส, เลือนลาง | | gaudy | (adj) ฉูดฉาด, ฟุ่มเฟือย, หรูหรา, โอ้อวด, บาดตา | | study | (n) การศึกษา, การเรียน, การค้นคว้า, ห้องค้นคว้า | | study | (vt) พิจารณา, เรียน, ศึกษา, ค้นคว้า |
| | prospective study; study, cohort | การศึกษาตามแผน [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | retrospective study | การศึกษาย้อนหลัง [ มีความหมายเหมือนกับ case control ๒ ] [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | study | งานศึกษา [ศิลปะ ๑๑ มี.ค. ๒๕๔๕] | | study cast | ชิ้นหล่อศึกษา [ มีความหมายเหมือนกับ diagnostic cast และ study model ] [ทันตแพทยศาสตร์๑๓ มี.ค. ๒๕๔๕] | | study model | แบบจำลองศึกษา [ มีความหมายเหมือนกับ diagnostic cast และ study cast ] [ทันตแพทยศาสตร์๑๓ มี.ค. ๒๕๔๕] | | study, case | กรณีศึกษา, คดีศึกษา [รัฐศาสตร์ ๑๗ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | study, cohort; study, prospective | การศึกษาตามแผน [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | study, doubled blind cross-over | การศึกษาข้ามกลุ่มแบบอำพรางสองฝ่าย [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | study, prospective; study, cohort | การศึกษาตามแผน [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | study, retrospective | การศึกษาย้อนหลัง [ มีความหมายเหมือนกับ case control ๒ ] [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | case study | กรณีศึกษา, คดีศึกษา [รัฐศาสตร์ ๑๗ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | cohort study; study, prospective | การศึกษาตามแผน [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | demographic study | การศึกษาเชิงประชากรศาสตร์ [ประชากรศาสตร์ ๔ ก.พ. ๒๕๔๕] | | doubled blind cross-over study | การศึกษาข้ามกลุ่มแบบอำพรางสองฝ่าย [แพทยศาสตร์ ๖ ส.ค. ๒๕๔๔] | | feasibility study | การศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ [คอมพิวเตอร์ ๑๙ มิ.ย. ๒๕๔๔] |
| | | Climatic aspects in urban design—a case study | (n, vi, vt, modal, ver) Climatic aspects in urban design—a case study Isaac G. Capeluto, , A. Yezioro and E. Shaviv Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel Received 11 December 2001; revised 13 February 2002; accepted 21 February 2002.; Available online 4 April 2002. Abstract We present a case study of a design of a new business district in Tel Aviv city. In this work climatic aspects were taken into consideration in the very early design stages. For that purpose, two models SustArc (Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997, p. 148) and FLUENT 5.0.2 (Fluent's User's Guide, Fluent Inc., NH, USA, 1999) were applied in order to achieve solar and wind rights. The new business district was designed as a high-density urban area and is located near an old low-rise residential quarter. SustArc was used as a design tool to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build without violating the solar rights of existing residential neighborhood, the main avenues and the pedestrian sidewalks. FLUENT, on the other hand, was implemented as an evaluative tool, in a trial and error method, until a design solution could be achieved, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. The paper presents the process of sun and wind controlled planning, as well as the recommendations. Author Keywords: Solar rights; Wind rights; Urban design; Design tools Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Sun, winds and urban design 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district 4. Planning control for sun access 5. Planning control for wind access and protection 6. Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References 1. Introduction During the conceptual design phase of urban districts, the designer deals with different geometrical characteristics related to the building's height and width, in relation to the open spaces and the pedestrian sidewalks. New buildings may create a different microclimate, like changing the wind regime and shading of existing neighborhoods, as well as in the new district. To protect solar rights, as well as wind rights, is a complex task. Moreover, tolerable winds should be achieved along the pedestrian sidewalks. The determination of a preferable design solution becomes specially complicated due to mutual influences. On the other hand, ignoring the solar rights at the stage of the preparation of the master plan may cause discomfort conditions around the buildings beyond repair. Different design tools for solar insolation conscious design were developed. We can classify these tools into generation tools and evaluation tools. The generative design tools aid to define the proper geometry. Some examples are [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ] for determining solar rights. These tools generate nomograms that present all possible solutions to a given problem. These nomograms are called “Solar Envelopes”. The evaluation tools, on the other hand, analyze the performance of a given design. Some examples are Kroner and Abrey [ 7 ], Yezioro and Shaviv [ 8 and 9 ] and Capeluto and Shaviv [ 5 ] for evaluating solar rights for buildings and in open spaces among them. Heliodons are also used to evaluate the proposed design, namely a scaled down 3D physical model examined in the laboratory. For microclimate and wind rights conscious design, there are today only evaluative design tools. These are either wind tunnel studies, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation tools. The CFD models are very powerful, require heavy calculations, but provide detailed results that can show clearly the defects in suggested designs. As a result, new design alternatives may be thought of and re-evaluated, until a good and satisfactory design is achieved. In the design of the new business district in Tel Aviv (Fig. 1), we have used SustArc, as the design tool to evaluate the proposed design (Fig. 2). We have also used SustArc to create the solar envelope that shows the maximum available volume in which it is possible to build while keeping the solar rights of the existing neighborhood (Fig. 5). We used FLUENT to evaluate the existing situation, the proposed solution and the mitigation design, in which the wind rights to the residential neighborhood were preserved, while ensuring tolerable winds along the pedestrian sidewalks ( Fig. 8 and Fig. 9). The paper presents the design process along with the different design tools implemented to create the solutions and to simulate and evaluate the proposed design. Using these tools we could develop rules and design guidelines that ensure proper insolation and ventilation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as creating good microclimatic conditions inside the new business district. Display Full Size version of this image (63K) Fig. 1. An aerial view of the business district. Display Full Size version of this image (24K) Fig. 2. Sun-view presenting the shading of the main green avenue (the area adjacent to the tall buildings from the right) and the residential neighborhood (the long square on the right). 2. Sun, winds and urban design There are many places in which urban design take into consideration solar rights and winds protection. Let us mention a few: New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and San Francisco, in the USA, Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, London, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto, in Canada [ 10 ]. Many tall buildings were built during the past in all of the above cities. These tall buildings caused different problems, like shading, loss of daylight, and creation of strong winds around the tall buildings on one hand, and at the same time avoid good ventilation by creating wind stagnation at some parts around them. From the accumulating experience, the city leaders and designers recognized the need to control the changes in the microclimatic conditions created by a proposed design. In many cities, large projects, including tall buildings, require wind studies, as well as shading evaluation. Nevertheless, in most places, the planning control for wind protection and solar insolation are not mandatory and are not imposed by standards, but rather open to negotiations with the developers. Defining urban standards can be carried on along three different approaches [ 10 ]: Prescriptive and descriptive standards, in which the exact physical solution is given. For example, the specific maximum height of buildings in the inner city neighborhood of San Francisco is dictated along with the angle of the slope of a plan that cut the upper floors further from the street. Performance standards, in which the expected performance of the design is given. For example, Boston zoning ordinance dictates for some downtown areas, that “No net increase in shadow is permitted between 8 a.m. and 2.30 p.m.”. In San Francisco for example a performance standard is set for the maximum allowed wind velocity so that “a building form which causes wind speeds to exceed 11 miles/h in areas where people walk and 7 miles/h in areas where people sit, should not be used”. Discretionary review, in which a comprehensive study is required as part of the environmental impact study (EIS) process. For example, in New York, sponsors of large development projects are required to conduct wind studies. The expected wind velocities in new or existing open spaces shall not exceed the mean wind velocity in existing comparable open spaces. There are not yet urban standards and legislation in Israel about how much a building can shade neighboring buildings, open spaces, or what is the maximum allowed wind speed. As for solar rights, we were contracted to develop legislation [ 11 ] and we hope that our future recommendations will be imposed. However, in many cities, the Israeli ministry of the environment demands from every developer, who intends to build high-rise buildings, a discretionary review for winds and shading, as part of the EIS. As there are not yet urban standards, the results of the study are not always imposed on the project. The shading study is usually an evaluation process, carried by different computer codes, while the wind assessment is in most cases a wind tunnel study. In the following chapter we shall demonstrate the approach to deal with planning control for sun access and wind access and protection [ 12 ] that was carried out in the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. 3. Planning control for sun and winds in a new business district A new business district is being planned in the heart of Tel Aviv on an area of 250, 000 m2. The urban density was changed from 200% to 450%. As a result, the developers wish to build in the area many high-rise buildings 40 stories and above. Existing low-rise residential buildings that surround this new business district will be affected by the high-rise buildings (see Fig. 1). The new master plan of this district was not approved yet, and the residents of neighboring communities can submit objections to the new plan, which they did. The designers of the Tel Aviv City planning department produced a 3D model of the site, in which they assumed that all developers would build the maximum allowed (a likely outcome). The model allows the visualization of the spatial drawbacks in the preliminary design. In particular, it was found that the new buildings create a high wall that would deprive the sun and winds (coming mainly from west) from the existing buildings (Fig. 2). Therefore, the designers of Tel Aviv City planning department decided to adopt certain rules for the design of this new business district so as to ensure sun and winds in the existing residential neighborhood. The Tel Aviv climate is hot and humid, and the sea breeze helps in summer to bring about thermal comfort in open spaces, as well as indoors. Therefore, the proposed high-rise buildings should not block the sea breeze. Moreover, tall buildings can create strong winds at the foot of the buildings. This fact complicates the situation, as near tall buildings the wind velocity may change very fast from extremely strong wind to no breeze at all. The sun in Tel Aviv is undesirable in summer but it can cause any open space and parks to be a very pleasant and enjoyable place to stay in winter. Therefore, permanent shading, even if needed in summer, compromises winter sun. A dynamic solution, like shading open spaces and sidewalks in summer by deciduous trees that supply winter insolation, is preferred. In general, at least one pedestrian sidewalk should be exposed to winter sun to provide thermal comfort in winter. The other sidewalk, which is shaded by the building in winter, can be protected from the summer sun by permanent shading devices, or by evergreen trees. On top of it, in Israel there is a requirement by law, for every residential unit, to have solar panels for hot water. It is mandatory, therefore, that these panels will be exposed to the sun the year around. 4. Planning control for sun access “Solar Rights Envelope” defines the space of all possible solutions for the determination of a design that does not violate the solar rights of existing buildings and open spaces during a given period of the year (See Fig. 3). The model SustArc creates such an envelope [ 5 and 6 ]. Display Full Size version of this image (18K) Fig. 3. The solar rights envelope. In the design of the new business district, the use of solar envelopes was recommended to protect the solar rights. The requirement was to achieve solar access during the entire winter, between 8 a.m. and 3.00 p.m., in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the main avenue that is the only existing green open area. The solar envelope that fulfills the above requirement, as well as the obtained shape of the buildings under this envelope, are presented in Fig. 4. Display Full Size version of this image (11K) Fig. 4. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the main green open space. Although the requirements were only to ensure solar access to the residential neighborhood, we added the demand that the main two avenues from west to east will be exposed to the sun during the same period. This is in order to ensure that the morning and afternoon walk from the railway station to work, is in the sun (see Fig. 6). On top of it, we required that the main inner street parallel to the main green avenue would have solar access during lunchtime from 12.00 to 13.00. These requirements will allow the people to enjoy walking in the sun to the two avenues (A and B in Fig. 6) that lead them to the main green avenue, to have lunch in the garden, or in the planned restaurants along the green avenue. Fig. 5 presents the solar envelope that was accepted as design guidelines for the relocation or reshaping of the tall buildings in the business district. All buildings higher than this envelope (these are the buildings that can be seen above the net of the envelope) must be displaced to another location, or should be reshaped (see Fig. 6). This is a descriptive approach, in which all possible consistent solutions are given in advance. However, we mixed the descriptive approach with the performance one, by allowing some exceptions, as long as the shading caused by these buildings is not above a given standard. But, till such standard will exist, a discretionary review approach might be necessary. Display Full Size version of this image (36K) Fig. 5. The solar envelope that ensure solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Display Full Size version of this image (22K) Fig. 6. The maximum allowed floors for each building, keeping solar rights in the existing residential neighborhoods as well as in the main avenues and streets. Based on these design guidelines a new scheme was suggested by the city planners, that follows the solar envelope (see Fig. 7). Until now, few tall buildings have already been relocated and reshaped, so that they will not stick out from the given solar envelope. Display Full Size version of this image (33K) Fig. 7. Design guidelines on building mass as proposed by the city planners. View from south–east. 5. Planning control for wind access and protection Contrary to other cities, where the requirements were only to protect from high wind velocity around tall buildings, the demand in our case was to ensure good ventilation to the residential neighborhood located east to the business center. The situation today is, that in the business district, most of the buildings are seven floors high and are in a very bad physical condition. Therefore, the majority of the buildings should be demolished and replaced by new ones. The only exception is the first row of buildings near the freeway that are seven floors and new. Today, one can feel in the neighboring residential quarter the good breeze coming from the west. The proposed new tall buildings, thirty floors and above, may block the breeze. As a result, the residents of this quarter objected to the new design on the ground of wind rights. The question that was raised, therefore, was what should be the ventilation corridors inside the business district tissue, so that good natural ventilation will remain in the residential neighborhood, as well as in the new business district. This fact complicated the situation, as in many design alternatives the very solution for ensuring the breeze in the residential quarter, may cause excessive winds in the business district (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). There are not yet design tools that can create the envelope of all possible solutions that satisfy wind requirements, or wind protection. Therefore, performance approach and evaluation technique were applied by using a CFD simulation model FLUENT 5.0.2 [ 13 ]. We required the following: wind velocity in the main avenues and streets should be in summer at least 2 m/s in walking areas, and 1 m/s in sitting areas. In winter, wind velocity in the main green avenue should not be higher than 5 m/s in walking areas and 3.5 m/s in sitting areas. In other streets, where people move fast, it can reach up to 9 m/s . In the residential neighborhood, the breeze should be similar to what exists today. FLUENT is a very powerful tool. It requires heavy calculations, but gives detailed results that can show the wind pattern in any plan or cross-section (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). We used FLUENT with the k– turbulence model, to evaluate the existing situation. We compared it with the proposed design (Fig. 9) and with the design based on the solar envelope ( Fig. 10). Many different design alternatives were proposed and evaluated, until a design solution was found, in which the wind rights of the residential neighborhood are preserved while ensuring tolerable winds inside the business district. As the buildings are not yet designed, and for the master plan only general information about the mass of the buildings is required, we assumed simple shapes, and conducted parametric evaluation, in order to find the influence of each design option on the wind pattern. Also, as the simulations are CPU time intensive, we shorten the evaluation procedure by presenting in the same plan different widths for the ventilation corridors, as well as different widths for the north–south streets. In this way we could learn from the same run, what is the preferred width of the ventilation corridors. Fig. 8 presents the standard meteorological wind measurements on site, 10 m above the ground. From this figure one learns that the desired winds in the hot seasons come mainly from the west and northwest and in general the wind velocity is about 3.5 m/s. To ensure wind rights, we carried simulations for these two directions. In all simulations we assumed a wind profile appropriate for the urban roughness and wind velocity of 3.5 m/s at the entrance. Display Full Size version of this image (21K) Fig. 8. The wind rose as measured in site. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show few of the simulations results and only for winds coming from the west. In general, the wind coming from northwest gave better results than what is shown here. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 top left present the existing situation; i.e. all buildings are seven floors high. The widths of the north–south streets are 16 and 36 m according to the existing situation and widths of the east–west streets are 36, 24 and 12 m. The latter are the ventilation corridors that should allow the sea breeze to reach the residential neighborhood. According to the wind pattern obtained, we required that the north–south streets should be at least 36 m in order not to have wind stagnation in the street. The ventilation corridors should be at least 24 m, preferable 36 m. For the 12 m wide ventilation corridor, the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood is too low, even in the existing situation of seven floors high buildings. Therefore, we defined the wind pattern examined area as the area east to the 24 and 36 m ventilation corridors only. Based on these recommendations ventilation corridors were designed and required by the city planners (see Fig. 11). Display Full Size version of this image (80K) Fig. 9. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design. Bottom—parametric analysis. Display Full Size version of this image (79K) Fig. 10. Simulating winds in the business district by using FLUENT: Top left—existing situation. Top right—proposed design according to the Solar envelope section. Bottom left—parametric analysis: Seven floors buildings along the pathway. Bottom right—parametric analysis: Adding trees at the entrance of the ventilation corridor. Display Full Size version of this image (16K) Fig. 11. Ventilation corridors as requested by the city planners. Fig. 9 presents the simulation results for the proposed design (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that cutting the building in 45ฐ at the exit of the business district, improves the ventilation in both the main green avenue and the residential neighborhood (bottom left). On the other hand, changing the plan of the middle tower from square to round deteriorates the microclimate conditions. Fig. 10 presents the simulation results for the proposed design according to the solar envelope section (top right) and parametric analysis for mitigation (bottom left and right). We can see that the design according the solar envelope preserves also the wind rights. However, the wind velocity along the east–west pathway is too high, and should be reduced. Adding seven floors high buildings along the 36 m wide pathway, reduces the high velocity wind speed in this pathway, but also reduces a little bit the wind velocity in the residential neighborhood. Adding trees at the entrance to the ventilation corridors reduces the wind velocity inside the ventilation corridors, and also in the residential neighborhood. However, the wind pattern obtained is quite satisfactory (bottom right). 6. Summary and conclusions This work presents a case study in which, for the first time, the solar rights envelope was used in Israel for the design of a new business district in Tel Aviv, keeping solar rights in a high-density urban area. Using this solar envelope we could determine the maximum allowed heights of the buildings that ensure proper insolation in the existing residential neighborhood as well as in the new business district and the main green avenue. The requirement to build under the solar envelope is a prescriptive/descriptive approach. To protect both, the solar and wind rights, the solar envelope was created first, this envelope was then evaluated using a CFD technique to ensure the wind rights and tolerable winds inside the business district. From the many simulations performed (only few of them shown here) we found that it is not easy to use the prescriptive/descriptive approach, as was done in the solar rights requirement. Only for the determination of the geometry of the ventilation corridors to ensure wind rights, such an approach can be applied. However, for the wind control, a standard performance approach should be applied. This is because the winds pattern depends on the exact geometry of all buildings around. Changing the geometry of one building can influence the wind pattern around other buildings. Therefore, performance standards should be established, and the wind pattern around the building should be evaluated against these standards, by certified tools and users. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the fund for promotion of research at the Technion. Research Number 022.732, and 022.751. References 1. F. Arumi, Computer-aided energy design for buildings. In: D. Watson, Editor, Energy conservation through building design, McGraw-Hill, New York (1979). 2. Shaviv E. Design tools for solar rights and sun-shades determination. Proceedings of the Ninth National Passive Solar Conference ASES, Boulder, CO, 1984. p. 14–9. 3. Wright R, Hoinkes R. Computational issues in urban design: developing a strategy for solar impact assessment. In: Flemming, Wyk, editors. CAAD futures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1993. 4. Schiler M, Ueng-Fang P. Solvelope: an interactive computer program for defining and drawing solar envelopes. 18th National Passive Solar Conference-ASES, Washington, DC, 1993. 5. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban grids and fabric with solar rights considerations. Proceedings of the ISES 1997 Solar World Congress, Taejon, Korea, 1997. p. 148–60. 6. Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Modeling the design of urban fabric with solar rights consideration. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. p. 1341–7. 7. Kroner WM, Abrey D. From the sun's point of view. Proceedings of the 10th National Passive Solar Conference, Ralleigh, North Carolina, USA, 1985. 8. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. A Design tool for analyzing mutual shading between buildings, Solar energy, Vol. 52, No. 1. USA: Pergamon Press, 1994. p. 27–37. 9. Yezioro A, Shaviv E. Shading: analyzing mutual shading among buildings. IBPSA 99, Kyoto, Japan, 1999. 10. Bosselmann P, Arens E, Dunker K, Wright R. Sun, wind, and pedestrian comfort. A study of Toronto's central area. Center for Environmental Design Research, University of California at Berkeley and Center for Landscape Architecture Research, University of Toronto. The Department of Planning and Development, City of Toronto, 1991. 11. Shaviv E, Capeluto IG, Yezioro A. Solar rights in high density urban design. Research Proposal No. 022.732, Ministry of Housing, Israel, 2001. 12. HELIOS Climate Energy CAD and Architecture Ltd. Urban climatic design of a new business district in Tel Aviv. Internal Report, 2000 [ in Hebrew ]. 13. FLUENT Inc. Fluent user's guide. NH, USA: Fluent Inc., 1999. Corresponding author. Tel.: +972-4-829-4013; fax: +972-4-829-4617 Building and Environment Volume 38, Issue 6, June 2003, Pages 827-835 | | retrospective study | (n, phrase) การศึกษาย้อนหลัง | | The payment management system Bus coffee Business, The objective to study about The | [ไทย] (n) The payment management system Bus coffee Business, The objective to study about The pagment of The store for receiving the pagment to solve The pagment list in The store the which part should to have saved and also have The discount The pagment and another income to manage The project that receive The staffs ‘satisfaction in a good level | | to study for the exam | อ่านหนังสือสอบ |
| | JUD Y: | JUDY: There Goes the Neighborhood (1983) | | They know. | - Was ist mit Trudy und mir? When Irish Eyes Are Crying (1986) | | Rudy Reinhardt. | Rudy Reinhardt. The Hero (1987) | | TrudyJoplin? | Ich kenne keine Trudy Joplin. Missing Hours (1987) | | - Rudy. | - Rudy. Toilet Wine and the Earl of Sandwich (2014) | | Judy Hoffman. | Judy Hoffman. Gem and Loan (2014) | | Rudy. | Rudy, meine Konkurrenz liest deinen Feed, kein Spoiler-Alarm, aber vertrau mir, dieser Launch ist der absolute Kracher. Blood (2014) | | Rudy Truitt? Uh-huh. | Bist du das, Rudy? Together Again (2014) | | Rocket, Rudy, bring out the good moonshine! | Rudy? Bringt den guten Schwarzgebrannten. Together Again (2014) | | Well, Phyllis Plotzer ain't no Judy Garland. | Aber Phyllis Plotzer ist nicht Judy Garland. The Prisoner's Dilemma (2014) | | You know, Judy Garland ain't no Judy Garland. | Weißt du, Judy Garland ist auch nicht Judy Garland. The Prisoner's Dilemma (2014) | | His wife, Judy, and son, Matt, lost their lives when they tried to keep this from us. | Seine Frau, Judy und ihr Sohn, Matt, ließen ihre Leben, als sie versuchten, es vor uns geheimzuhalten. She Was Provisional (2014) | | Honor Judy and Matt Anderson. | Haltet Judy und Matt Anderson in Ehren. She Was Provisional (2014) | | I'm Trudy Zengler, vice president of development for Mother Hubbard's Sandwich Cupboards. | Ich bin Trudy Zengler, Vizepräsidentin der Entwicklungsabteilung von Mutter Hubbard's Sandwich-Schränke. Super Franchise Me (2014) | | Uh, Rudy? | Rudy? It's All Her Fault (2014) | | Trudy! | Trudy! Just Drive the Truck (2014) | | Trudy and I are divorced-- getting divorced. | Trudy und ich lassen uns scheiden. The Monolith (2014) | | - Where's trudy? | - Wo ist Trudy? The Strategy (2014) | | - Where's trudy? | - Wo ist Trudy? The Strategy (2014) | | Trudy must've forgotten. | Trudy muss es vergessen haben. The Strategy (2014) | | Then you didn't come home, Which I understand was trudy's fault. | Dann bist du nicht nach Hause gekommen, was wohl Trudys Schuld war. The Strategy (2014) | | I think I liked Rudy's setup better. | Ich denke, ich mochte Rudys Einrichtung mehr. It's All Her Fault (2014) | | - It's Trudy. | - Hier ist Trudy. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | So what happened to Mike and Trudy? | Was wurde aus Mike und Trudy? Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | Her name was Trudy and we started going out. | Sie hieß Trudy. Wir gingen zusammen aus. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | Trudy and I used to laugh about what a dick he was. | Trudy und ich lachten über ihn, weil er so ein Arsch war. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | But Trudy called me when we were at your birthday and they're coming out here in about three weeks. | Aber Trudy hat mich an deinem Geburtstag angerufen. Und sie kommen in 3 Wochen her. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | I want Mike to be really jealous and I want Trudy to go back thinking she should never have let me go. | Mike soll neidisch werden, und Trudy soll es bereuen, dass sie mich fallen ließ. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | Wrong again because I asked her, "Would you like to double-date when Mike and Trudy come into town?" - And she said, "Da." | Doch, denn als ich sie fragte, ob sie mit Mike, Trudy und mir ausgeht, sagte sie "da". Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | Mike, Trudy, charmed. | Mike, Trudy, ich bin entzückt. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | Alan, I just wanted to introduce you to some dear friends of mine. Mike and Trudy. | Alan, das hier sind meine Freunde Mike und Trudy. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | And then when I was older, I managed to get this great girlfriend Trudy and she got stolen away by this complete ball bag, um, Mike, and both of them are here now tonight over there. | Später hatte ich eine Freundin namens Trudy. Und so ein Volltrottel hat sie mir ausgespannt. Er heißt Mike. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | This is Mike. This is Trudy. | - Mike, Trudy. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | And I have to say Trudy is maybe your biggest fan. | - Trudy ist ein Riesenfan von dir. Hello Ladies: The Movie (2014) | | I'll show up, pretend to say a prayer, then I'll come home and listen to Rudy Vallee. | Ich zeige mich dort, rassel ein Gebet runter und danach höre ich mir zuhause Rudy Vallee an. The Good Listener (2014) | | You are listening to "fleischmann's yeast hour" featuring Rudy Vallee. | Sie hören "Fleischmanns Hefe-Stunde", mit Rudy Vallee. The Good Listener (2014) | | Listen to the radio. It's almost time for Rudy Vallee. | - Gleich kommt Rudy Vallee. King of Norway (2014) | | Is there something you're not telling us, Judy? | Gibt es etwas, das Sie uns nicht sagen, Judy? The Silver Briefcase (2014) | | Judy. | Du hast zu viel Spaß. Judy. The Silver Briefcase (2014) | | Meet me brothers, Rudy, Rocket, and the scruffy one's Chicken. | Meine Brüder. Rudy, Rocket und Chicken. Ring of Fire (2014) | | Can you tell what I had for breakfast? | (RUDY RÜLPST) Na, was habe ich gefrühstückt? Ring of Fire (2014) | | That is outrageous. | (RUDY): Frechheit. Ring of Fire (2014) | | That's right. | - (RUDY): Ring of Fire (2014) | | Rudy. | Rudy. Faith and Despondency (2014) | | Whatever you are doing, Judy, you keep doing it. | Was auch immer sie machen, Judy, machen sie weiter so. Oh, M.G. (2014) | | God, Judy. It's white wine. | Es ist Weißwein, Judy. Best New Girl (2014) | | I've got to go check on your aunt Judy. | Ich besuche eure Tante Judy. Best New Girl (2014) | | And Judy Burke wants the board to repair her stairs down at Point Beach. | Und Judy Burke will, dass der Vorstand ihre Treppen unten an der Point Beach repariert. Episode #1.3 (2014) | | Art room, Judy's having a seizure. | Kunstraum. Judy hat einen Anfall. Awakening (2014) | | Who's this Gal Judy? | Wer ist dieses Mädchen Judy? Landline (2014) |
| | | วัยเรียน | (n) studying age, See also: education age, Syn. วัยศึกษา, Example: เมื่อนึกถึงวัยเรียนความทรงจำที่สนุกสนานก็ผุดขึ้นมามากมาย, Count Unit: วัย, Thai Definition: ระยะเวลาของอายุที่อยู่ในช่วงกำลังศึกษาเล่าเรียน | | อ่านหนังสือ | (v) read, See also: study, Example: ผู้ที่เป็นนักเขียนส่วนใหญ่จะชอบอ่านหนังสือมาตั้งแต่เด็ก | | ครึ้มฟ้าครึ้มฝน | (v) be very cloudy, Syn. ครึ้มฝน, Ant. โล่ง, ปลอดโปร่ง, Example: กรมอุตุนิยมวิทยาพยากรณ์ว่าพรุ่งนี้จะครึ้มฟ้าครึ้มฝน, Thai Definition: ท้องฟ้ามืดมัวด้วยเมฆฝน | | ศึกษา | (v) study, See also: learn, Syn. เรียน, เล่าเรียน, ศึกษาเล่าเรียน, เรียนรู้ | | ศึกษาเล่าเรียน | (v) study, See also: learn, Syn. เรียน, เล่าเรียน, ศึกษา | | กรณีศึกษา | (n) case study, Example: เทคนิคที่พัฒนาขึ้นนับว่าน่าสนใจอย่างยิ่งควรที่จะนำกรณีศึกษานี้มาเผยแพร่, Count Unit: เรื่อง, กรณี, Thai Definition: เทคนิคในการสอน โดยมีพื้นฐานอยู่ที่การเลือกเหตุการณ์จากสถานการณ์ที่เป็นจริง เพื่อที่จะคิดหาทางแก้ไขที่เป็นไปได้ต่อไป | | เรียนต่อ | (v) further study, See also: continue to study, Syn. ศึกษาต่อ, Example: ผมอยากไปเรียนต่อที่ญี่ปุ่น แต่ไม่มีคนรู้จักอยู่ที่นั่นเลย, Thai Definition: เรียนเพิ่มเติมจากหลักสูตรที่เพิ่งสำเร็จมา | | เรือง | (v) study deeply, Syn. แตกฉาน, Example: ท่านเป็นปรมาจารย์ผู้เรืองเวทวิทยาคมมากในสมัยนั้น | | ร่ำเรียน | (v) study, See also: learn, Syn. เรียน, เล่าเรียน, Example: แม้เขาจะไม่ได้ร่ำเรียนเหมือนฉัน แต่ความช่างคิดช่างค้นคว้าของเขารุดหน้ากว่าฉันมาก, Thai Definition: เรียนให้ขึ้นใจ | | เรียนหนังสือ | (v) study, See also: learn, be in school, be educated, Example: ผู้ใหญ่ไม่ควรคาดหวังอย่างสูงจากเด็ก เช่น ต้องเรียนหนังสือให้เก่ง เพราะการคาดหวังทำให้ผู้เลี้ยงมีอารมณ์รุนแรงเมื่อไม่สมความปรารถนา | | หุ่นกระบอก | (n) puppet, See also: marionette, Punch-and-Judy show, Example: นอกจากกิจกรรมเหล่านี้แล้วยังมีละคร หุ่นกระบอก ไพ่ หวยและเล่นว่าวอีกด้วย, Thai Definition: การแสดงมหรสพด้วยหุ่นคล้ายตุ๊กตา | | เรียนรู้ | (v) study, See also: learn, read up, mug up, Syn. ศึกษา, ทำความเข้าใจ, Example: ผู้ซื้อควรเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับผลิตภัณฑ์ต่างๆ ที่กำลังจะซื้อ | | วิจัย | (n) research, See also: study, probe, Syn. การศึกษาค้นคว้า, Example: มหาวิทยาลัยไคโรเป็นมหาวิทยาลัยที่นักศึกษาไทยเดินทางไปทำวิจัยในระดับปริญญาเอกกันมาก, Thai Definition: การค้นคว้าเพื่อหาข้อมูลอย่างถี่ถ้วนตามหลักวิชา | | ศึกษา | (v) study, See also: learn, read up, mug up, cram, Syn. เรียน, เล่าเรียน, Example: เจนเนอรัลมอเตอร์สได้ส่งเจ้าหน้าที่เข้าเกาหลีใต้เพื่อศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ของการซื้อกิจการบริษัทรถยนต์, Thai Definition: ฝึกฝนและอบรมเพื่อที่จะให้รู้หรือให้ประสบผลสำเร็จ | | ช่างพินิจพิเคราะห์ | (v) scrutinize, See also: examine, study, search, explore, inspect, investigate, Example: เธอยังช่างพินิจพิเคราะห์นิสัยคนเหมือนเดิม, Thai Definition: สังเกตหรือพิจารณาอย่างละเอียดถี่ถ้วน | | การเรียน | (n) education, See also: study, learning, Syn. การศึกษาเล่าเรียน, การศึกษา, การเล่าเรียน, Example: การเรียนเป็นรากฐานสำคัญและส่งผลต่ออนาคตในชีวิตของทุกคน, Thai Definition: การศึกษาเพื่อให้เจนใจจำได้ให้เกิดความรู้ความเข้าใจหรือความชำนาญ | | พินิจพิเคราะห์ | (v) examine, See also: peruse, scrutinize, study, investigate, explore, Syn. พิจารณา, วิเคราะห์, พินิจพิจารณา, Example: คณะกรรมการต้องพินิจพิเคราะห์สิ่งประดิษฐ์ที่ส่งเข้าประกวดอย่างละเอียดถี่ถ้วน, Thai Definition: พิจารณาใคร่ครวญดูอย่างละเอียด | | ค้นคว้า | (v) research, See also: dig into, study intensively, search, Example: เขากำลังค้นคว้าเรื่องโรคมะเร็งที่ตา เพราะกำลังเป็นที่สนใจอยู่ในขณะนี้, Thai Definition: หาเอามา, สืบสาวหามา | | คณะ | (n) faculty, See also: school, branch of study, department, Syn. ภาควิชา, แผนก, Example: นิสิตจากแต่ละคณะกำลังเรียนวิธีการเขียนโปรแกรมขั้นพื้นฐาน, Count Unit: คณะ, Thai Definition: ภาควิชาหรือแผนกวิชาต่างๆ ในมหาวิทยาลัยหรือวิทยาลัยที่รวมอยู่ในสายเดียวกัน | | คชศาสตร์ | (n) branch of study dealing with elephant, Example: หากผู้ใดมีความรู้ทางด้านคชศาสตร์ จงมาถวายตัวเป็นข้าของเรา, Thai Definition: วิชาที่ว่าด้วยช้างมี 2 ประเภท คือ คชลักษณ์และคชกรรม | | ติว | (v) cram for an examination, See also: study, mug up, swot, Syn. กวดวิชา, Example: ดวงดอมไม่ได้ไปติว แต่ไปหาซื้อคู่มือการสอบมาอ่านเอง, Thai Definition: เรียนเพิ่มเติมจากที่เรียนมาแล้ว | | งานวิจัย | (n) research, See also: investigation, study, Syn. การวิจัย, การค้นคว้า, การค้นคว้าวิจัย, งานค้นคว้าวิจัย, Example: อาจารย์มหาวิทยาลัยควรทำงานสอนควบคู่ไปกับงานวิจัย, Count Unit: ชิ้น, งาน | | ฝากโรงเรียน | (v) take a child to enter a school, See also: bring (a child) to study in a school, Syn. ฝากเรียน, Example: นิดพาลูกไปฝากโรงเรียนแถวบ้าน, Thai Definition: นำเด็กไปสมัครเข้าเป็นนักเรียนในโรงเรียน | | พยับแดด | (n) haze, See also: cloudy day, overcast sky, Syn. เงาแดด, Example: พยับแดดทอดลงเป็นเงาให้เกิดภาพลวงตา, Thai Definition: แสงแดดกล้าที่ปรากฏในระยะไกลเป็นระยิบระยับลวงตา ทำให้เห็นเป็นน้ำ | | พรหมจรรย์ | (n) study of Buddhist metaphysics, See also: brahmacharya, Example: พระภิกษุสงฆ์ต้องศึกษาพรหมจรรย์ซึ่งได้แก่ การศึกษาทางศาสนาหรือปรมัตถ์หรือพระเวท, Thai Definition: การศึกษาปรมัตถ์, การศึกษาพระเวท, Notes: (สันสกฤต) | | พิทยาคม | (n) study, See also: learning, Thai Definition: การเล่าเรียนวิชา | | ภารตวิทยา | (n) Indian study, See also: study of India, Example: ท่านสนใจในด้านภารตวิทยาเพราะท่านเคยไปอยู่ที่อินเดียมานาน, Thai Definition: วิชาที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศอินเดีย มีศาสนา ปรัชญา วัฒนธรรม ภูมิศาสตร์ ประวัติศาสตร์ ภาษา วรรณคดี เป็นต้น, Notes: (สันสกฤต) | | มืดครึ้ม | (adj) overcast, See also: cloudy, gloomy, dark, shady, murky, obscure, Syn. ครึ้ม, มัวซัว, ครึ้มฝน, ครึ้มฟ้าครึ้มฝน, มืดมัว, Ant. สว่าง, Example: เมื่อเราดูภาพท้องฟ้าอันมืดครึ้มและทุ่งหญ้าสีเหลือง เรารู้สึกว่ามันสะเทือนใจเหลือเกิน, Thai Definition: ไม่มีแดด ดูมืดมัว | | ผลงานวิจัย | (n) research, See also: study, exploration, Syn. ผลการวิจัย, ผลวิจัย, Example: นักวิทยาศาสตร์มีผลงานวิจัยออกมามากมาย, Count Unit: ชิ้น, เรื่อง, Thai Definition: ผลลัพธ์ที่ได้จากการค้นคว้า ศึกษาข้อมูลอย่างมีระบบ | | เรียน | (v) learn, See also: study, Example: นิสิตจากแต่ละคณะกำลังเรียนวิธีการเขียนโปรแกรมภาษาเบสิค, Thai Definition: ศึกษาเพื่อให้เจนใจจำได้ให้เกิดความรู้ความเข้าใจหรือความชำนาญ | | สื่อการศึกษา | (n) learning aid, See also: study aid, Syn. สื่อการเรียนการสอน, Example: การเรียนการสอนในปัจจุบันนี้ต้องมีสื่อการศึกษาที่ดี จึงจะทำให้เด็กเรียนรู้ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ, Count Unit: สื่อ, Thai Definition: วิธีการ เครื่องมือ และอุปกรณ์ต่างๆ ที่ใช้เป็นสื่อในการศึกษา | | สิกขา | (n) education, See also: study, Syn. การศึกษา, การเล่าเรียน, Thai Definition: ข้อที่จะต้องศึกษา, Notes: (บาลี) | | สำรวจหา | (v) survey, See also: examine, study, Syn. สำรวจ, ตรวจหา, ค้นหา, Example: เรากำลังสำรวจหาร่องรอยทางประวัติศาสตร์ตามถ้ำต่างๆ | | ตั้งใจ | (v) concentrate one's attention, See also: pay attention, study carefully, absorb, Syn. เอาใจใส่, ตั้งอกตั้งใจ, Example: ผมตั้งใจเรียนเพื่อให้ได้เป็นหมออย่างที่พ่อแม่หวังไว้, Thai Definition: เอาใจจดจ่อ | | ตัวสำรอง | (n) substitution, See also: reservation, understudy, Syn. ผู้เล่นสำรอง, Ant. ตัวจริง, Example: เธอเล่นวอลเล่ย์บอลทีมชาติเป็นตัวสำรอง, Thai Definition: ผู้ที่มีความสำคัญเป็นอันดับรองลงมาจากตัวจริง | | ท่องหนังสือ | (v) learn, See also: study, memorize, Syn. ท่องจำ, ท่อง, Example: เวลาใกล้สอบอย่างนี้จะเห็นแต่นักศึกษาท่องหนังสือกัน, Thai Definition: อ่านซ้ำหลายๆ ครั้งเพื่อให้จำได้ | | ฉูดฉาด | (v) be dazzling, See also: be flashy, be bright, be gaudy, Syn. จ้า, บาดตา, เด่นชัด, เห็นง่าย, Ant. มืด, ทึบ, Example: ภาพนี้ถ้าประกอบขึ้นเป็นภาพครบสมบูรณ์แล้วจะเป็นภาพที่งดงามไม่ฉูดฉาด แต่ดูดีและดูได้นาน, Thai Definition: จ้ากว่าปกติ อาจทำให้รู้สึกบาดตา (ใช้แก่สีบางสี) | | ซ้ำชั้น | (adv) repeatedly in class, See also: repeatedly (study), Example: หากย้ายโรงเรียนช่วงนี้ เด็กต้องไปเรียนซ้ำชั้นอีกปีหนึ่ง | | การเรียนหนังสือ | (n) study, See also: learning, Syn. การเรียน, การศึกษาเล่าเรียน, การเล่าเรียน, Example: การเรียนหนังสือช่วยให้คนมีความคิดเป็นระบบมากขึ้น | | การเล่าเรียน | (n) study, See also: learning, education, Syn. การเรียน, การศึกษา, การเรียนรู้, การหาความรู้, Example: การเล่าเรียนทำให้คนมีความคิดเป็นผู้ใหญ่มากขึ้น | | การศึกษาระดับสูง | (n) advanced education, See also: advanced study, Example: โรงเรียนจัดให้มีการแนะแนวเรื่องการศึกษาระดับสูงขึ้น | | การศึกษา | (n) education, See also: study, learning, Syn. การเรียน, การเล่าเรียน, การเรียนรู้, การศึกษาเล่าเรียน, การหาความรู้, Example: การศึกษาในมหาวิทยาลัยทำให้ความคิดของเขาเปลี่ยนไปมาก | | การศึกษาเฉพาะกรณี | (n) case study, Example: การศึกษาเฉพาะกรณีทำให้ทราบถึงปัญหาของเรื่องนั้นๆอย่างชัดเจน | | ครึ้ม | (v) be cloudy, See also: be grey, be overcast, be overclouded, look like it's going to rain, Syn. ครื้มฝน, มืดครึ้ม, อึมครึม, Ant. สดใส, ปลอดโปร่ง, แจ่มใส, Example: ท้องฟ้าครึ้มเช่นนี้ อีกไม่นานฝนก็คงจะตก | | คลุ้ม | (adj) cloudy, See also: dim, dark, murky, Syn. มืดมัว, ครึ้ม, Example: ข้าพเจ้าเห็นเสาเรือกระโดกกระเดกไปมาอยู่แทบท้องฟ้าอันมืดคลุ้ม, Thai Definition: ที่มีลักษณะมืดมัวไม่แจ่มใส | | คลุ้ม | (v) be cloudy, See also: be dim, be dark, be murky, Syn. มืดมัว, ครึ้ม, Example: คืนนี้ฟ้าคลุ้มลงอย่างรวดเร็วกว่าทุกวัน, Thai Definition: มีลักษณะมืดมัวไม่แจ่มใส | | คลุมเครือ | (v) be dim, See also: be dull, be cloudy, be overcast, be gloomy, Example: อากาศคลุมเครือตลอดวัน จะมืดก็ไม่มืด จะสว่างก็ไม่สว่าง, Thai Definition: ลักษณะที่ก้ำกึ่งเอาแน่นอนทางใดทางหนึ่งไม่ได้ (ใช้แก่ลักษณะอากาศ) | | จักษุวิทยา | (n) ophthalmology, See also: medical study and treatment of eyes, Example: นิพนธ์กำลังศึกษาวิชาจักษุวิทยาในระดับปริญญาเอก, Thai Definition: วิชาที่ว่าด้วยการศึกษาเรื่องโรคที่เกี่ยวกับดวงตาและวิธีการรักษา | | จิตวิทยา | (n) psychology, See also: study of mind, Example: เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจหน่วยปราบจลาจลได้รับการฝึกฝนให้รับสภาพความวุ่นวาย และจิตวิทยาฝูงชนมาเป็นอย่างดี, Thai Definition: วิชาว่าด้วยจิต, วิทยาศาสตร์แขนงหนึ่งว่าด้วยปรากฎการณ์ พฤติกรรม และกระบวนการของจิต | | เจาะลึก | (v) delve into, See also: study, research, examine, investigate, Syn. สืบค้น, สืบหา, Example: หนังสือพิมพ์เจาะลึกเบื้องหลังของเจ้าพ่อคนนี้อย่างละเอียด, Thai Definition: สืบหาเบื้องหลังข่าวที่ซับซ้อน |
| | อ่านหนังสือ | [ān nangseū] (v, exp) EN: read ; study FR: lire ; étudier | | ฉูดฉาด | [chutchāt] (adj) EN: showy ; gaudy ; dazzling ; flashy | | ห้องหนังสือ | [hǿng nangseū] (n) EN: study room FR: bureau [ m ] ; bibliothèque [ f ] | | ห้องสมุด | [hǿngsamut] (n) EN: library ; study FR: bibliothèque [ f ] | | เจาะ | [jǿ] (v, exp) EN: study intensively FR: étudier en profondeur | | การหาความรู้ | [kān hā khwāmrū] (n, exp) EN: study | | การเรียน | [kān rīen] (n) EN: schooling ; studying ; learning ; education ; studies FR: enseignement [ m ] ; éducation (scolaire) [ f ] ; apprentissage [ m ] ; formation (scolaire) [ f ] ; études [ fpl ] ; scolarité [ f ] | | การเรียนหนังสือ | [kān rīen nangseū] (n) EN: study ; learning FR: apprentissage [ m ] ; formation (scolaire) [ f ] | | การศึกษา | [kānseuksā] (n) EN: study ; learning FR: étude [ f ] ; apprentissage [ m ] | | การศึกษาเฉพาะกรณี | [kānseuksā chaphǿ karanī] (n, exp) EN: case study | | การศึกษาเชิงเปรียบเทียบ | [kānseuksā choēng prīepthīep] (n, exp) EN: comparative study | | การศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ | [kānseuksā khwām penpai dāi] (n, exp) EN: feasibility study FR: étude de faisabilité [ f ] | | การศึกษานำร่อง | [kānseuksā namrǿng] (n, exp) EN: pilot study FR: étude pilote [ f ] | | การศึกษาภาคสนาม | [kānseuksā phāksanām] (n, exp) EN: field study | | การศึกษาระดับสูง | [kānseuksā radap sūng] (n, exp) EN: advanced education ; advanced study FR: formation de haut niveau [ f ] ; formation supérieure [ f ] | | กรณีศึกษา | [karanīseuksā] (n) EN: case study | | คณะ | [khana] (n) EN: college ; faculty ; school ; branch of study ; department FR: faculté (universitaire) [ f ] ; département universitaire [ m ] | | ขั้นตอนการศึกษา | [khantøn kānseuksā] (n, exp) EN: process of the study | | คลุ้ม | [khlum] (adj) EN: cloudy ; dim ; dark ; murky FR: nuageux ; couvert | | ค้นคว้า | [khonkhwā] (v) EN: search ; research ; do research ; ransack ; frisk ; dig into ; study intensively ; investigate ; find out FR: faire des recherches ; creuser (fig.) | | ขอบเขตของการศึกษา | [khøpkhēt khøng kānseuksā] (n, exp) EN: scope of the study ; delimitation of the study | | ครึ้ม | [khreum] (adj) EN: cloudy ; grey ; overcast ; overclouded FR: nuageux ; couvert ; gris | | ครึ้มฟ้าครึ้มฝน | [khreum fā khreum fon] (xp) EN: be very cloudy FR: le temps est maussade ; le ciel est couvert | | กลุ่มศึกษา | [klum seuksā] (n, exp) EN: study group | | เมฆคลุ้ม | [mēkkhlum] (x) EN: cloudy | | เมฆมาก | [mēk māk] (adj) EN: cloudy | | มีเมฆ | [mī mēk] (adj) EN: cloudy FR: nuageux ; couvert ; il fait nuageux | | มีเมฆมาก | [mī mēk māk] (x) EN: it's very cloudy FR: il fait très nuageux | | งานวิจัย | [ngān wijai] (n, exp) EN: research ; investigation ; study ; report FR: étude [ f ] ; rapport [ m ] | | พยับ | [phayap] (adj) EN: dull ; overcast ; cloudy ; rainy ; heavy ; dark ; gloomy ; dusky ; dim FR: nuageux ; couvert | | เพื่อนชาย | [pheūoenchāi] (n) EN: boyfriend ; budy ; pal FR: petit ami [ m ] | | ผีเสื้อปีกกึ่งหุบหางยาว(ธรรมดา) | [phīseūa pīk keung hup hāng yāo (thammadā)] (n, exp) EN: Common Tailed Judy ; Tailed Judy | | ผีเสื้อปีกกึ่งหุบลายหัก | [phīseūa pīk keung hup lāi hak] (n, exp) EN: Common Plum Judy ; Plum Judy | | ผีเสื้อปีกกึ่งหุบลายแปลก | [phīseūa pīk keung hup lāi plaēk] (n, exp) EN: Abnormal Plum Judy | | พรหมจรรย์ | [phrommajan] (n) EN: study of Buddhist metaphysics ; brahmacharya ; holy life ; chastity ; celibacy FR: chasteté [ f ] | | รายงานวิจัย | [rāi-ngān wijai] (n, exp) EN: study FR: étude [ f ] | | ร่ำเรียน | [ramrīen] (v) EN: study ; learn ; be learned FR: étudier sans relâche ; étudier avec application ; bûcher (fam.) ; potasser (fam.) ; bloquer (fam. - Belg.) | | เรียน | [rīen] (v) EN: learn ; study FR: étudier ; apprendre ; assimiler | | เรียนหนังสือ | [rīen nangseū] (v, exp) EN: study ; learn ; be in school ; be educated FR: étudier ; suivre des cours | | เรียนรู้ | [rīenrū] (v) EN: learn ; understand ; study ; read up ; mug up ; mug up FR: apprendre ; comprendre ; étudier ; s'instruire ; s'initier à | | เรียนต่อ | [rīentø] (v) EN: further study ; continue to study FR: prolonger ses études | | สำรวจหา | [samrūat-hā] (v) EN: survey ; examine ; study FR: étudier | | ศึกษา | [seuksā] (v) EN: study ; go to school ; receive education ; be educated ; learn ; read up ; mug up ; cram FR: étudier ; apprendre ; s'instruire ; aller à l'école | | ศึกษาเฉพาะกรณี | [seuksā chaphǿ karanī] (n, exp) EN: case study | | ตั้งใจ | [tangjai] (x) EN: concentrate one's attention ; pay attention ; study carefully FR: se concentrer (sur) ; prêter attention (à) | | ท่อง | [thǿng = thøng] (v) EN: commit to memory ; memorize ; learn by rote ; learn by heart ; study ; recite from memory FR: mémoriser ; apprendre par coeur | | อุดมศึกษา | [udomseuksā] (n) EN: higher education ; undergraduate study ; graduate study ; university education ; college education | | วัยเรียน | [wai rīen] (n, exp) EN: school age ; studying age ; education age FR: âge scolaire [ m ] | | เวลาเรียน | [wēlā rīen] (n, exp) EN: school hours ; studying time ; time in school FR: heures de cours | | วิชา | [wichā] (n) EN: subject ; branch of study ; course ; branch of knowledge ; science ; technology ; know-how FR: sujet [ m ] ; matière [ f ] ; thèse [ f ] ; discipline [ f ] ; branche [ f ] ; domaine [ m ] |
| | | | brown study | (n) a state of deep absorption or thoughtfulness | | case study | (n) a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure | | case study | (n) a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view | | cloudy | (adj) lacking definite form or limits; - H.T.Moore, Syn. nebulous, nebulose | | cloudy | (adj) full of or covered with clouds, Ant. clear | | cloudy | (adj) (of liquids) clouded as with sediment, Syn. muddy, murky, turbid, mirky | | course of study | (n) an integrated course of academic studies, Syn. programme, syllabus, curriculum, program | | directed study | (n) a course of study that is supervised and controlled by a specialist in the subject | | eudyptes | (n) rock hoppers, Syn. genus Eudyptes | | gaudy | (n) (Britain) a celebratory reunion feast or entertainment held a college | | goudy | (n) United States printer noted for designing typefaces (1865-1947), Syn. Frederic William Goudy, Frederic Goudy | | home study | (n) a course of study carried out at home rather than in a classroom | | literary study | (n) the humanistic study of literature | | nature study | (n) the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level) | | quick study | (n) someone able to acquire new knowledge and skills rapidly and easily, Syn. sponge | | study | (n) applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading), Syn. work | | study | (n) a state of deep mental absorption | | study | (n) a room used for reading and writing and studying | | study | (n) someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | | study | (n) a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | | study | (v) be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning | | study | (v) give careful consideration to, Syn. consider | | study | (v) learn by reading books, Syn. hit the books | | study | (v) think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes, Syn. meditate, contemplate | | study hall | (n) a period of time during the school day that is set aside for study | | study hall | (n) a classroom reserved for study | | time and motion study | (n) an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort, Syn. time study, time-motion study, work study, time-and-motion study, motion study | | understudy | (n) an actor able to replace a regular performer when required, Syn. standby | | understudy | (v) be an understudy or alternate for a role, Syn. alternate | | work-study program | (n) an educational plan in which students alternate between paid employment and formal study | | analyze | (v) consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning, Syn. analyse, canvas, study, examine, canvass | | brassy | (adj) tastelessly showy, Syn. flashy, cheap, meretricious, trashy, gimcrack, tacky, flash, tawdry, garish, tatty, loud, gaudy | | cogitation | (n) attentive consideration and meditation, Syn. study | | course | (n) education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings, Syn. course of study, class, course of instruction | | discipline | (n) a branch of knowledge, Syn. subject area, subject, field of study, field, bailiwick, subject field, study | | double-blind procedure | (n) an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment, Syn. double-blind experiment, double-blind study | | flashy | (adj) (used especially of clothes) marked by conspicuous display, Syn. showy, sporty, gaudy, jazzy | | garland | (n) United States singer and film actress (1922-1969), Syn. Judy Garland | | kipling | (n) English author of novels and poetry who was born in India (1865-1936), Syn. Joseph Rudyard Kipling, Rudyard Kipling | | learn | (v) be a student of a certain subject, Syn. read, take, study | | perusal | (n) reading carefully with intent to remember, Syn. perusing, studying, poring over | | report | (n) a written document describing the findings of some individual or group, Syn. written report, study | | sketch | (n) preliminary drawing for later elaboration, Syn. study | | survey | (n) a detailed critical inspection, Syn. study |
| | Child study | . A scientific study of children, undertaken for the purpose of discovering the laws of development of the body and the mind from birth to manhood. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ] | | Cloudy | a. [ Compar. Cloudier superl. Cloudiest. ] [ From Cloud, n. ] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as, a cloudy sky. [ 1913 Webster ] 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds. [ 1913 Webster ] As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended. Ex. xxxiii. 9 [ 1913 Webster ] 3. Indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful. “A cloudy countenance.” Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] 4. Confused; indistinct; obscure; dark. [ 1913 Webster ] Cloudy and confused notions of things. Watts. [ 1913 Webster ] 5. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. “A cloudy diamond.” Boyle. [ 1913 Webster ] 6. Marked with veins or sports of dark or various hues, as marble. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Crudy | a. [ From Crud. ] Coagulated. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ] His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed. Spenser. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Crudy | a. [ From Crude. ] Characterized by crudeness; raw. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ] The foolish and dull and crudy vapors. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Gaudy | a. [ Compar. Gaudier superl. Gauidiest. ] 1. Ostentatiously fine; showy; gay, but tawdry or meretricious. [ 1913 Webster ] Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] 2. Gay; merry; festal. Tennyson. [ 1913 Webster ] Let's have one other gaudy night. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Gaudy | n.; pl. Gaudies /plu> [ See Gaud, n. ] One of the large beads in the rosary at which the paternoster is recited. [ Obs. ] Gower. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Gaudy | n. A feast or festival; -- called also gaud-day and gaudy day. [ Oxford Univ. ] Conybeare. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Gaudygreen | a. or n. [ OE. gaude grene. ] Light green. [ Obs. ] Chaucer. Spenser. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Ribaudy | n. Ribaldry. [ Obs. ] Chaucer. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Shroudy | a. Affording shelter. [ R. ] Milton. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Sludy | a. Miry; slushy. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Study | n.; pl. Studies [ OE. studie, L. studium, akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr. &unr_; haste, zeal, &unr_; to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. étude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i. ] 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. [ 1913 Webster ] Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study. Bp. Fell. [ 1913 Webster ] Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace. Sir W. Temple. [ 1913 Webster ] 2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation. [ 1913 Webster ] Just men they seemed, and all their study bent
To worship God aright, and know his works. Milton. [ 1913 Webster ] 3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration. [ 1913 Webster ] The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study. Law. [ 1913 Webster ] The proper study of mankind is man. Pope. [ 1913 Webster ] 4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work. “His cheery little study.” Hawthorne. [ 1913 Webster ] 5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture. [ 1913 Webster ] 6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Study | v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Studied p. pr. & vb. n. Studying ] [ OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. étudier. See Study, n. ] 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. Chaucer. [ 1913 Webster ] I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable. Swift. [ 1913 Webster ] 2. To apply the mind to books or learning. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ] 3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous. 1 Thes. iv. 11. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Study | v. t. 1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages. [ 1913 Webster ] 2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature. [ 1913 Webster ] Study thyself; what rank or what degree
The wise Creator has ordained for thee. Dryden. [ 1913 Webster ] 3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech. [ 1913 Webster ] 4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition. [ 1913 Webster ] For their heart studieth destruction. Prov. xxiv. 2. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Understudy | v. t. & i. (Theater) To study, as another actor's part, in order to be his substitute in an emergency; to study another actor's part. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Understudy | n. One who studies another's part with a view to assuming it in an emergency. [ 1913 Webster ] | | Undoubtful | See abolishable.
See absolvable.
See absurd.
See abundant.
See accordant.
See adoptable.
See adventurous.
See affable.
See affectionate.
See afraid.
See alliable.
See allowable.
See alterable.
See ambiguous.
See ambitious.
See amendable.
See -American.
See amusive.
See angular.
See anxious.
See apocryphal.
See apostolic.
See apparent.
See appeasable.
See applausive.
See appreciable.
See apprehensible.
See apprehensive.
See approachable.
See artificial.
See artistic.
See assailable.
See attainable.
See attentive.
See authentic.
See available.
See bailable.
See bearable.
See beautiful.
See beliefful.
See believable.
See beneficial.
See benevolent.
See blamable.
See blemishable.
See blissful.
See boastful.
See bold.
See bookish.
See bounteous.
See bribable.
See brotherly.
See burdensome.
See businesslike.
See busy.
See candid.
See canonical.
See captious.
See careful.
See celestial.
See ceremonious.
See challengeable.
See changeable.
See chary.
See chastisable.
See cheerful.
See cheery.
See childish.
See chivalrous.
See choleric.
See christianlike.
See circumspect.
See civic.
See classible.
See classic.
See classical.
See cleanly.
See clear.
See clerical.
See clerklike.
See close.
See cloudy.
See clubbable.
See coagulable.
See cogitable.
See collectible.
See comic.
See commendable.
See commercial.
See communicable.
See communicative.
See compact.
See companionable.
See compassionate.
See compellable.
See competitive.
See complaisant.
See compliant. See complimentary.
See concealable.
See concurrent.
See conditionate.
See confinable.
See confutable.
See congealable.
See congenial.
See conjugal.
See conjunctive.
See conquerable.
See consecrate.
See containable.
See contaminate.
See contradictable.
See contrite.
See convenable.
See conventional.
See conversable.
See conversant.
See convertible.
See coquettish.
See cordial.
See corpulent.
See correspondent.
See corruptible.
See corruptive.
See costly.
See counselable.
See countable.
See counterfeit.
See courteous.
See courtierlike.
See courtly.
See crafty.
See creatable.
See critical.
See crystalline.
See cultivable.
See curious.
See customary.
See dangerous.
See daughterly.
See dead.
See deceivable.
See decidable.
See decipherable.
See declinable.
See decomposable.
See definable.
See delectable.
See deliberate.
See delightful.
See deliverable.
See democratic.
See demonstrable.
See demonstrative.
See deniable.
See derogatory.
See descendible.
See describable.
See desirable.
See desirous.
See despondent.
See devout.
See diaphanous.
See diligent.
See diminishable.
See discernible.
See disciplinable.
See discordant.
See discoverable.
See dissolvable.
See distinguishable.
See dividable.
See divine.
See domestic.
See doubtful.
[ 1913 Webster ] Variants: Undomestic, Undivine, Undividable, Undistinguishable, Undissolvable, Undiscoverable, Undiscordant, Undisciplinable, Undiscernible, Undiminishable, Undiligent, Undiaphanous, Undevout, Undespondent, Undesirous, Undesirable, Undescribable, Undescendible, Underogatory, Undeniable, Undemonstrative, Undemonstrable, Undemocratic, Undeliverable, Undelightful, Undeliberate, Undelectable, Undefinable, Undecomposable, Undeclinable, Undecipherable, Undecidable, Undeceivable, Undead, Undaughterly, Undangerous, Uncustomary, Uncurious, Uncultivable, Uncrystalline, Uncritical, Uncreatable, Uncrafty, Uncourtly, Uncourtierlike, Uncourteous, Uncounterfeit, Uncountable, Uncounselable, Uncostly, Uncorruptive, Uncorruptible, Uncorrespondent, Uncorpulent, Uncordial, Uncoquettish, Unconvertible, Unconversant, Unconversable, Unconventional, Unconvenable, Uncontrite, Uncontradictable, Uncontaminate, Uncontainable, Unconsecrate, Unconquerable, Unconjunctive, Unconjugal, Uncongenial, Uncongealable, Unconfutable, Unconfinable, Unconditionate, Unconcurrent, Unconcealable, Uncomplimentary, Uncompliant, Uncomplaisant, Uncompetitive, Uncompellable, Uncompassionate, Uncompanionable, Uncompact, Uncommunicative, Uncommunicable, Uncommercial, Uncommendable, Uncomic, Uncollectible, Uncogitable, Uncoagulable, Unclubbable, Uncloudy, Unclose, Unclerklike, Unclerical, Unclear, Uncleanly, Unclassical, Unclassic, Unclassible, Uncivic, Uncircumspect, Unchristianlike, Uncholeric, Unchivalrous, Unchildish, Uncheery, Uncheerful, Unchastisable, Unchary, Unchangeable, Unchallengeable, Unceremonious, Uncelestial, Uncareful, Uncaptious, Uncanonical, Uncandid, Unbusy, Unbusinesslike, Unburdensome, Unbrotherly, Unbribable, Unbounteous, Unbookish, Unbold, Unboastful, Unblissful, Unblemishable, Unblamable, Unbenevolent, Unbeneficial, Unbelievable, Unbeliefful, Unbeautiful, Unbearable, Unbailable, Unavailable, Unauthentic, Unattentive, Unattainable, Unassailable, Unartistic, Unartificial, Unapproachable, Unapprehensive, Unapprehensible, Unappreciable, Unapplausive, Unappeasable, Unapparent, Unapostolic, Unapocryphal, Unanxious, Unangular, Unamusive, Un-American, Unamendable, Unambitious, Unambiguous, Unalterable, Unallowable, Unalliable, Unafraid, Unaffectionate, Unaffable, Unadventurous, Unadoptable, Unaccordant, Unabundant, Unabsurd, Unabsolvable, Unabolishable |
| | 学习 | [xué xí, ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄒㄧˊ, 学 习 / 學 習] to learn; to study #362 [Add to Longdo] | | 学 | [xué, ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 学 / 學] learn; study; science; -ology #508 [Add to Longdo] | | 专业 | [zhuān yè, ㄓㄨㄢ ㄧㄝˋ, 专 业 / 專 業] specialized field; main field of study (at university); major #629 [Add to Longdo] | | 期 | [qī, ㄑㄧ, 期] a period of time; phase; stage; (used for issue of a periodical, courses of study); time; term; period; to hope; Taiwan pr. qi2 #688 [Add to Longdo] | | 科 | [kē, ㄎㄜ, 科] branch of study; administrative section; division; field; branch; stage directions; family (taxonomy); rules; laws; to mete out (punishment); to levy (taxes etc); to fine sb #1,083 [Add to Longdo] | | 读 | [dú, ㄉㄨˊ, 读 / 讀] to read; to study #1,343 [Add to Longdo] | | 业 | [yè, ㄧㄝˋ, 业 / 業] business; occupation; study #1,366 [Add to Longdo] | | 格 | [gé, ㄍㄜˊ, 格] square; frame; rule; (legal) case; style; character; standard; pattern; (classical) to obstruct; to hinder; (classical) to arrive; to come; (classical) to investigate; to study exhaustively #1,806 [Add to Longdo] | | 修 | [xiū, ㄒㄧㄡ, 修] to decorate; to embellish; to repair; to build; to study; to write; to cultivate #2,064 [Add to Longdo] | | 攻 | [gōng, ㄍㄨㄥ, 攻] to attack; to accuse; to study #2,641 [Add to Longdo] | | 阴 | [yīn, ㄧㄣ, 阴 / 陰] overcast (weather); cloudy; shady; Yin (the negative principle of Yin and Yang); negative (electric.); feminine; moon; implicit; hidden; pudenda #2,871 [Add to Longdo] | | 医学 | [yī xué, ㄧ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 医 学 / 醫 學] medicine; medical science; study of medicine #2,894 [Add to Longdo] | | 读书 | [dú shū, ㄉㄨˊ ㄕㄨ, 读 书 / 讀 書] study; read #3,171 [Add to Longdo] | | 钻 | [zuān, ㄗㄨㄢ, 钻 / 鑽] to drill; to bore; to get into; to make one's way into; to enter (a hole); to thread one's way through; to study intensively; to dig into; to curry favor for personal gain #4,192 [Add to Longdo] | | 研 | [yán, ㄧㄢˊ, 研] grind fine; study; research #4,786 [Add to Longdo] | | 留学 | [liú xué, ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 留 学 / 留 學] to study abroad #5,512 [Add to Longdo] | | 经济学 | [jīng jì xué, ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 经 济 学 / 經 濟 學] economics (as a field of study) #6,128 [Add to Longdo] | | 辅导 | [fǔ dǎo, ㄈㄨˇ ㄉㄠˇ, 辅 导 / 輔 導] to coach; to tutor; to give advice (in study) #8,369 [Add to Longdo] | | 留学生 | [liú xué shēng, ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄕㄥ, 留 学 生 / 留 學 生] student studying abroad; (foreign) exchange student #8,920 [Add to Longdo] | | 学业 | [xué yè, ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄧㄝˋ, 学 业 / 學 業] schoolwork; study material #9,263 [Add to Longdo] | | 习 | [xí, ㄒㄧˊ, 习 / 習] to practice; to study; habit #9,895 [Add to Longdo] | | 究 | [jiū, ㄐㄧㄡ, 究] after all; to investigate; to study carefully; Taiwan pr. jiu4 #10,125 [Add to Longdo] | | 力学 | [lì xué, ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 力 学 / 力 學] mechanics; to study hard #10,535 [Add to Longdo] | | 自学 | [zì xué, ㄗˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 自 学 / 自 學] self-study; study on one's own #10,601 [Add to Longdo] | | 书房 | [shū fáng, ㄕㄨ ㄈㄤˊ, 书 房 / 書 房] study (i.e. the kind of room) #10,839 [Add to Longdo] | | 自习 | [zì xí, ㄗˋ ㄒㄧˊ, 自 习 / 自 習] to study by oneself; teach yourself #10,903 [Add to Longdo] | | 功课 | [gōng kè, ㄍㄨㄥ ㄎㄜˋ, 功 课 / 功 課] homework; assignment; task; classwork; lesson; study #11,980 [Add to Longdo] | | 考查 | [kǎo chá, ㄎㄠˇ ㄔㄚˊ, 考 查] investigate; study #13,086 [Add to Longdo] | | 钻研 | [zuān yán, ㄗㄨㄢ ㄧㄢˊ, 钻 研 / 鑽 研] to study meticulously; to delve into #13,953 [Add to Longdo] | | 耕耘 | [gēng yún, ㄍㄥ ㄩㄣˊ, 耕 耘] plowing and weeding; farm work; fig. to work or study diligently #14,016 [Add to Longdo] | | 观摩 | [guān mó, ㄍㄨㄢ ㄇㄛˊ, 观 摩 / 觀 摩] to observe and emulate; to study (esp. following sb's example) #14,046 [Add to Longdo] | | 教程 | [jiào chéng, ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄔㄥˊ, 教 程] lecture course; teaching module at university; tutorial; textbook; course of study #14,766 [Add to Longdo] | | 阴天 | [yīn tiān, ㄧㄣ ㄊㄧㄢ, 阴 天 / 陰 天] cloudy day; overcast sky #15,525 [Add to Longdo] | | 求学 | [qiú xué, ㄑㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 求 学 / 求 學] to study; to seek knowledge; to attend college; at school; learning; education #16,409 [Add to Longdo] | | 辍学 | [chuò xué, ㄔㄨㄛˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 辍 学 / 輟 學] to drop out of school; to leave off studying; to interrupt one's studies #18,401 [Add to Longdo] | | 攻读 | [gōng dú, ㄍㄨㄥ ㄉㄨˊ, 攻 读 / 攻 讀] to major (in a field); to study a specialty to obtain a higher degree #18,935 [Add to Longdo] | | 念书 | [niàn shū, ㄋㄧㄢˋ ㄕㄨ, 念 书 / 念 書] read; study #20,876 [Add to Longdo] | | 好学 | [hào xué, ㄏㄠˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 好 学 / 好 學] eager to study; studious; erudite #21,208 [Add to Longdo] | | 复读 | [fù dú, ㄈㄨˋ ㄉㄨˊ, 复 读 / 復 讀] to study again #22,326 [Add to Longdo] | | 荒废 | [huāng fèi, ㄏㄨㄤ ㄈㄟˋ, 荒 废 / 荒 廢] to abandon (cultivated fields); no longer cultivated; to lie waste; wasted; to neglect (one's work or study) #23,135 [Add to Longdo] | | 可行性研究 | [kě xíng xìng yán jiū, ㄎㄜˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ, 可 行 性 研 究] feasibility study #24,399 [Add to Longdo] | | 用功 | [yòng gōng, ㄩㄥˋ ㄍㄨㄥ, 用 功] diligent; industrious (in one's studies); to study hard; to make great effort #25,334 [Add to Longdo] | | 对症下药 | [duì zhèng xià yào, ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄧㄠˋ, 对 症 下 药 / 對 症 下 藥] lit. to prescribe the right medicine for an illness (成语 saw); fig. to study a problem to find the right way to solve it; to take appropriate steps #29,310 [Add to Longdo] | | 勤工俭学 | [qín gōng jiǎn xué, ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄒㄩㄝˊ, 勤 工 俭 学 / 勤 工 儉 學] work partime while studying #30,811 [Add to Longdo] | | 留洋 | [liú yáng, ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄧㄤˊ, 留 洋] to study abroad (old term); same as 留學|留学 #30,826 [Add to Longdo] | | 研读 | [yán dú, ㄧㄢˊ ㄉㄨˊ, 研 读 / 研 讀] to study intensively; to read and investigate; to consider thoroughly #30,924 [Add to Longdo] | | 自修 | [zì xiū, ㄗˋ ㄒㄧㄡ, 自 修] to study on one's own; self study #31,957 [Add to Longdo] | | 花哨 | [huā shao, ㄏㄨㄚ ㄕㄠ˙, 花 哨] garish; gaudy #32,341 [Add to Longdo] | | 研判 | [yán pàn, ㄧㄢˊ ㄆㄢˋ, 研 判] to study and come to a decision #34,530 [Add to Longdo] | | 霭 | [ǎi, ㄞˇ, 霭 / 靄] mist; haze; cloudy sky #36,053 [Add to Longdo] |
| | 学び | [まなび, manabi] TH: การเรียน EN: Study | | 曇る | [くもる, kumoru] TH: มืดครึ้ม EN: to become cloudy | | 専門 | [せんもん, senmon] TH: วิชาเอก EN: subject of study | | 研究 | [けんきゅう, kenkyuu] TH: ศึกษาวิจัย EN: study (vs) |
| | | 方 | [ほう, hou] (n) (1) direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction); (2) side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; (3) type; category; (4) field (of study, etc.); (5) indicates one side of a comparison; (6) way; method; manner; means; (7) length (of each side of a square); (P) #160 [Add to Longdo] | | 研究 | [けんきゅう, kenkyuu] (n, vs) study; research; investigation; (P) #172 [Add to Longdo] | | 百科 | [ひゃっか, hyakka] (n) (1) many objects (for study); (2) (abbr) (See 百科事典) encyclopedia; encyclopaedia #361 [Add to Longdo] | | 学生 | [がくせい, gakusei] (n) (1) (arch) Heian-period student of government administration; (2) (arch) Buddhist scholar; researcher at a Buddhist temple; person studying Buddhism; (3) (arch) learning; scholarship #423 [Add to Longdo] | | 対象 | [たいしょう, taishou] (n, adj-no) target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); (P) #516 [Add to Longdo] | | 専門(P);專門(iK) | [せんもん, senmon] (n, adj-no) speciality; specialty; subject of study; expert; (P) #775 [Add to Longdo] | | 方面 | [ほうめん, houmen] (n, n-suf) (1) direction; district; area; (n) (2) field (e.g. of study); (P) #1,095 [Add to Longdo] | | 試験 | [しけん, shiken] (n, vs) examination; test; study; trial; experiment; (P) #1,320 [Add to Longdo] | | 学科 | [がっか, gakka] (n) study subject; course of study; (P) #1,357 [Add to Longdo] | | 業 | [わざ, waza] (n, suf) (1) work; business; (2) study #1,432 [Add to Longdo] | | 検討 | [けんとう, kentou] (n, vs) consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion; (P) #1,434 [Add to Longdo] | | 学習 | [がくしゅう, gakushuu] (n, vs) study; learning; tutorial; (P) #2,506 [Add to Longdo] | | 専攻 | [せんこう, senkou] (n, vs, adj-no) major subject; special study; (P) #2,561 [Add to Longdo] | | 英文 | [えいぶん, eibun] (n) (1) sentence in English; article in English; English text; (2) (abbr) (See 英文学) English literature (study of); (P) #2,835 [Add to Longdo] | | 勉強 | [べんきょう, benkyou] (n, vs) (1) study; (2) diligence; (3) discount; reduction; (P) #4,189 [Add to Longdo] | | 学ぶ(P);學ぶ | [まなぶ, manabu] (v5b) to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in; (P) #4,275 [Add to Longdo] | | 解析(P);解折(iK) | [かいせき, kaiseki] (n, vs) (1) analysis; analytical study; (2) parsing; parse; (P) #4,281 [Add to Longdo] | | 留学 | [りゅうがく, ryuugaku] (n, vs) studying abroad (usu. at university level); (P) #4,714 [Add to Longdo] | | 書院 | [しょいん, shoin] (n) drawing room; study; publishing house; writing alcove; (P) #5,209 [Add to Longdo] | | 学び | [まなび, manabi] (n) learning; study #5,310 [Add to Longdo] | | 修行 | [しゅぎょう(P);すぎょう(ok), shugyou (P); sugyou (ok)] (n, vs) (1) { Buddh } ascetic practices; (2) training; practice; discipline; study; (P) #5,822 [Add to Longdo] | | 学問 | [がくもん, gakumon] (n, vs) scholarship; study; learning; (P) #6,018 [Add to Longdo] | | 考察 | [こうさつ, kousatsu] (n, vs) consideration; inquiry; enquiry; investigation; study; (P) #6,657 [Add to Longdo] | | 学研 | [がっけん, gakken] (n) study and research; scholarship and research #6,803 [Add to Longdo] | | 師事 | [しじ, shiji] (n, vs) study under; looking up; apprentice oneself; (P) #7,031 [Add to Longdo] | | 修道 | [しゅうどう, shuudou] (n) learning; studying the fine arts; (P) #7,188 [Add to Longdo] | | 付く | [づく, duku] (v5k, vi) (1) to be attached; to be connected with; to adhere; to stick; to cling; (2) to remain imprinted; to scar; to stain; to dye; (3) to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); (4) to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.); (5) to take root; (6) to accompany; to attend; to follow; to study with; (7) to side with; to belong to; (8) (See 憑く) to possess; to haunt; (9) (See 点く) to be lit; to be lighted; (10) to be settled; to be resolved; to be decided; (11) to be given (of a name, price, etc.); (12) to be sensed; to be perceived; (13) (from 運がつく) to be lucky; (suf, v5k) (14) (See 付く・づく) (after -masu stems, onomatopoeic and mimetic words) to become (a state, condition, etc.) #7,839 [Add to Longdo] | | 調べる | [しらべる, shiraberu] (v1, vt) to examine; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study; to inquire; to search; (P) #8,215 [Add to Longdo] | | 見学 | [けんがく, kengaku] (n, vs) inspection; study by observation; field trip; (P) #9,213 [Add to Longdo] | | 稽古 | [けいこ, keiko] (n, vs) practice; practise; training; study; (P) #10,474 [Add to Longdo] | | 史学 | [しがく, shigaku] (n, adj-no) study of history; (P) #11,085 [Add to Longdo] | | 薬学 | [やくがく, yakugaku] (n, adj-no) (study of) pharmacy; pharmaceutics; (P) #11,247 [Add to Longdo] | | 修業 | [しゅうぎょう(P);しゅぎょう, shuugyou (P); shugyou] (n, vs) pursuit of knowledge; studying; learning; training; completing a course; (P) #12,072 [Add to Longdo] | | 語学 | [ごがく, gogaku] (n) language study; (P) #12,252 [Add to Longdo] | | 就く(P);即く | [つく, tsuku] (v5k) (1) (See 付く・つく・1) to ascend (the throne); to accede; (2) (就く only) to take (seat, position, course, etc.); to assume; (3) (就く only) to start (on a journey); to commence; to depart; (4) (就く only) to study (under teacher); to be an apprentice; (P) #12,618 [Add to Longdo] | | 遊ぶ | [あそぶ(P);あすぶ(ok), asobu (P); asubu (ok)] (v5b, vi) (1) to play; to enjoy oneself; to have a good time; (2) to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); (3) to be idle; to do nothing; to be unused; (4) (as 〜に遊ぶ) to go to (for pleasure or for study); (5) (in baseball) to intentionally throw a ball to lower the batter's concentration; (P) #13,143 [Add to Longdo] | | 奨学 | [しょうがく, shougaku] (n) encouragement to study; (P) #13,458 [Add to Longdo] | | 派手 | [はで, hade] (adj-na, n) showy; loud; gay; flashy; gaudy; (P) #13,503 [Add to Longdo] | | 老中 | [ろうじゅう;ろうぢゅう, roujuu ; roudyuu] (n) member of shogun's council of elders #17,038 [Add to Longdo] | | 履修 | [りしゅう, rishuu] (n, vs) taking a class; studying a subject; completing a course #17,847 [Add to Longdo] | | 商科 | [しょうか, shouka] (n) commerce (field of study); department of commerce (at a university) #17,926 [Add to Longdo] | | 国学 | [こくがく, kokugaku] (n) (1) study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture; (2) (arch) (See 大学・2) provincial school (under Japan's ritsuryo system and pre-Sui Chinese law); (P) #19,677 [Add to Longdo] | | がり勉;我利勉 | [がりべん, gariben] (n, vs) drudge; grind; someone who studies too much; cram-study (for exam, etc.) [Add to Longdo] | | きんきらきん | [kinkirakin] (adj-no) gaudy; flashy; showy [Add to Longdo] | | くそ勉強;糞勉強 | [くそべんきょう, kusobenkyou] (n, vs) (sl) cram for an exam; concentrated study [Add to Longdo] | | けばけば | [kebakeba] (adv, n, vs) (on-mim) gaudy; garish [Add to Longdo] | | どぎつい | [dogitsui] (adj-i) gaudy; loud; garish; violent; harsh [Add to Longdo] | | ながら族;乍ら族 | [ながらぞく, nagarazoku] (n) people who study or work while listening to the radio (or watching television, etc.) [Add to Longdo] | | よく学びよく遊べ | [よくまなびよくあそべ, yokumanabiyokuasobe] (exp) study hard and play hard [Add to Longdo] | | アリ学;蟻学 | [アリがく(アリ学);ありがく(蟻学), ari gaku ( ari gaku ); arigaku ( ari gaku )] (n) myrmecology (the study of ants) [Add to Longdo] |
| | スタディレポート | [すたでいれぽーと, sutadeirepo-to] study report [Add to Longdo] | | フィージビリティスタディ | [ふぃーじびりていすたでい, fi-jibiriteisutadei] feasibility study [Add to Longdo] | | 学習 | [がくしゅう, gakushuu] learning (vs), studying, tutorial [Add to Longdo] | | 機会検討 | [きかいけんとう, kikaikentou] opportunity study [Add to Longdo] | | 検討中 | [けんとうちゅう, kentouchuu] under study, under investigation [Add to Longdo] | | 実現可能性検討 | [じつげんかのうせいけんとう, jitsugenkanouseikentou] feasibility study [Add to Longdo] | | 実現可能性調査 | [じつげんかのうせいちょうさ, jitsugenkanouseichousa] feasibility study [Add to Longdo] | | 相互動作性試験 | [そうごどうさせいしけん, sougodousaseishiken] interoperability test, study [Add to Longdo] | | 調べる | [しらべる, shiraberu] to sense, to investigate, to study, to inquire, to check [Add to Longdo] | | 調査期間 | [ちょうさきかん, chousakikan] study period [Add to Longdo] | | 統計学 | [とうけいがく, toukeigaku] (the study of) statistics [Add to Longdo] |
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