n. [ Pref. bi- + carbonate. ] (Chem.) A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal carbonates; an acid carbonate; -- sometimes called supercarbonate. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf. Skr. çrā to cook. ] (Chem.) 1. An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. (Elec.) A carbon rod or pencil used in an arc lamp; also, a plate or piece of carbon used as one of the elements of a voltaic battery. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

3. a sheet of carbon paper. [ PJC ]

4. a carbon copy. [ PJC ]

Carbon compounds,
Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory. [ 1913 Webster ] The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process. I. Remsen --
carbon copy, originally, a copy of a document made by use of a carbon paper, but now used generally to refer to any copy of a document made by a mechanical process, such as xerographic copying. --
Carbon dioxide,
Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. --
Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. --
Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall constantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. --
Carbon paper, a thin type of paper coated with a dark-colored waxy substance which can be transferred to another sheet of paper underneath it by pressing on the carbon paper. It is used by placing a sheet between two sheets of ordinary writing paper, and then writing or typing on the top sheet, by which process a copy of the writing or typing is transferred to the second sheet below, making a copy without the need for writing or typing a second time. Multiple sheets may be used, with a carbon paper placed above each plain paper to which an impression is to be transferred. In 1997 such paper was still used, particularly to make multiple copies of filled-in purchase invoice forms, but in most applications this technique has been superseded by the more faithful xerographic reproduction and computerized printing processes. --
Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. --
Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half-life of 5730 years. It occurs naturally in minute quantities, and is used as the basis for radiocarbon dating.
Syn. -- radiocarbon, carbon 14. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

a. Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon. [ 1913 Webster ]

{ } v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing. ] 1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed. Bean. & Fl. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

I'll so carbonado your shanks. Shak. [ 1913 Webster ]

{ } n. [ Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal. ] (Cookery) Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [ Obs. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

n.; pl. Carbonadoes [ Pg., carbonated. ] (Min.) A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari. [ 1913 Webster ]

‖n.; pl. Carbonari [ It., a coal man. ] A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic. [ 1913 Webster ]

☞ The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ From Carbonate. ] (Sugar Making) The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ Cf. F. carbonate. ] (Chem.) A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. [ See Carbonado. ] To broil. [ Obs. ] “We had a calf's head carboned”. Pepys. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon. ] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide. [ 1913 Webster ]

Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid HO.CO.OH, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. In common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas, extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hence called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephitic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. --
Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. A carbide. [ R. ]

a. [ Carbon + -ferous. ] Producing or containing carbon or coal. [ 1913 Webster ]

Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. --
Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or Carboniferous period. See the Diagram under Geology. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. same as carbonization. [ PJC ]

n. [ Carbon + -ite. ] 1. An explosive consisting essentially of nitroglycerin, wood meal, and some nitrate, as that of sodium. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

2. An explosive composed of nitrobenzene, saltpeter, sulphur, and kieselguhr. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

n. [ Cf. F. carbonisation. ] 1. The act or process of carbonizing. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens).
Syn. -- carbonisation. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Carbonized p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing. ] [ Cf. F. carboniser. ] 1. To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char. [ 1913 Webster ]

2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. [ Carbon + -meter. ] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means. [ 1913 Webster ]

adj. relating to, containing, or rich in carbon.
Syn. -- carbonaceous, carbonic. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

. (Photog.) A printing process depending on the effect of light on bichromatized gelatin. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called
carbon paper or
carbon tissue. This is exposed under a negative and the film is transferred from the paper to some other support and developed by washing (the unexposed portions being dissolved away). If the process stops here it is called single transfer; if the image is afterward transferred in order to give an unreversed print, the method is called double transfer. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

. Steel deriving its qualities from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements; -- opposed to alloy steel. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

. A telephone transmitter in which a carbon contact is used. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

n. [ Carbon + -yl. ] (Chem.) The radical (=CO), occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. [ 1913 Webster ]

☞ Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds. [ 1913 Webster ]

Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene, or phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride. It is used in chemical synthesis, and was also used as a poison gas in World War I. [ 1913 Webster +PJC ]

v. t. To deprive of carbonic acid. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. The action or process of depriving a substance of carbon. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Decarbonized p. pr. & vb. n. Decarbonizing. ] To deprive of carbon; as, to decarbonize steel; to decarbonize the blood. [ 1913 Webster ]

Decarbonized iron. See Malleable iron. --
Decarbonized steel, homogenous wrought iron made by a steel process, as that of Bessemer; ingot iron. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. He who, or that which, decarbonizes a substance. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Pref. di- + carbonic. ] (Chem.) Containing two carbon residues, or two carboxyl groups or radicals; as, oxalic acid is the simplest dicarbonic acid. In the latter sense, synonymous with dicarboxylic; as, succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. [ 1913 Webster +PJC ]

n. [ Hydro-, 2 + carbon. ] (Chem.) A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, as methane, benzene, etc.; also, by extension, any of their derivatives. [ 1913 Webster ]

Hydrocarbon burner,
furnace,
stove, a burner, furnace, or stove with which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. Of the nature, or containing, hydrocarbons. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (a) (Old Chem.) A hydrocarbon. [ Obs. ] (b) (Chem.) A hydrous carbonate, as malachite. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Mono- + carbonic. ] (Chem.) Containing one carboxyl group; as, acetic acid is a monocarbonic acid. The more common term is monocarboxylic. Contrasted with dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, etc. [ 1913 Webster +PJC ]

adj. not having supersaturated carbon dioxide in solution; not carbonated; -- of beverages. [ Narrower terms: noneffervescent (vs. effervescent) ]
Syn. -- uncarbonated. [ WordNet 1.5 ]

a. [ Ortho- + carbonic. ] (Chem.) Designating a complex ether, C.(OC2H5)4, which is obtained as a liquid of a pleasant ethereal odor by means of chlorpicrin, and is believed to be a derivative of the hypothetical normal carbonic acid, C.(OH)4. [ 1913 Webster ]

v. t. (Metal.) To restore carbon to; as, to recarbonize iron in converting it into steel. [ 1913 Webster ]

a white crystalline substance, HNaCO3, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. It is found in many mineral springs and also produced artificially, . It is used in cookery, in baking powders, and as a source of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) for soda water. Called also baking soda, cooking soda, bicarbonate of soda, bicarb, saleratus, and technically, acid sodium carbonate, sodium acid carbonate, primary sodium carbonate, sodium dicarbonate, etc. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Chem.) A carbonate containing an excess of the basic constituent. [ Webster 1913 Suppl. ]

a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Carboniferous formations underlying the proper coal measures. It was a marine formation characterized in general by beds of limestone. -- n. The Subcarboniferous period or formation. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocarbonic acid; a thiocarbonate. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid, H2CSO2 (called also thiocarbonic acid), or an acid, H2CS3, analogous to carbonic acid, obtained as a yellow oily liquid of a pungent odor, and forming salts. [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Chem.) A bicarbonate. [ Obsoles. ] [ 1913 Webster ]

n. (Chem.) A sulphocarbonate. [ 1913 Webster ]

a. [ Thio- + carbonic. ] (Chem.) Same as Sulphocarbonic. [ 1913 Webster ]